חמור שונאך

(ה) כִּֽי־תִרְאֶ֞ה חֲמ֣וֹר שֹׂנַאֲךָ֗ רֹבֵץ֙ תַּ֣חַת מַשָּׂא֔וֹ וְחָדַלְתָּ֖ מֵעֲזֹ֣ב ל֑וֹ עָזֹ֥ב תַּעֲזֹ֖ב עִמּֽוֹ׃ (ס)

Exodus 23:5

(5) When you see the ass of your enemy lying under its burden and would refrain from raising it, you must nevertheless raise it with him.

תרגום אונקלוס על שמות כ״ג:ה׳

(ה) אֲרֵי תֶחֱזֵי חֲמָרָא דְסָנְאָךְ רְבִיעַ תְּחוֹת טוֹעֲנֵיהּ וְתִתִּמְנַע מִלְמִשְׁבַּק לֵהּ מִשְׁבַּק תִּשְׁבּוֹק מָא דִבְלִבָּךְ עֲלוֹהִי וּתְפָרֵק עִמֵהּ:

Onkelos Exodus 23:5

If you see the donkey of one you hate collapsed under its burden, and think of abstaining from helping them - you should certainly drop what is in your heart and unload with them.

פסחים קי״ג ב:ד׳-ו׳

אמר רבי שמואל בר רב יצחק אמר רב מותר לשנאתו שנאמר כי תראה חמור שנאך רובץ תחת משאו מאי שונא אילימא שונא גוי והא תניא שונא שאמרו שונא ישראל ולא שונא גוי אלא פשיטא שונא ישראל ומי שריא למסניה והכתיב לא תשנא את אחיך בלבבך אלא דאיכא סהדי דעביד איסורא כולי עלמא נמי מיסני סני ליה מאי שנא האי אלא לאו כי האי גוונא דחזיא ביה איהו דבר ערוה רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר מצוה לשנאתו שנאמר יראת ה׳ (שונאי) רע אמר רב אחא בריה דרבא לרב אשי מהו למימרא ליה לרביה למשנייה אמר ליה אי ידע דמהימן לרביה כבי תרי לימא ליה ואי לא לא לימא ליה

Pesachim 113b:4-6

Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak said that Rav said: Although one who sees another committing a sin should not testify against him by himself, he is nonetheless permitted to hate him, as it is stated: “If you see the donkey of he who hates you lying under its load” (Exodus 23:5). The Gemara clarifies this verse: What is the meaning of he who hates you mentioned in the verse? If you say it is referring to a gentile who hates you, but wasn’t it taught in a baraita that the phrase: He who hates, of which the Torah spoke, is a Jew who hates you, not a gentile who hates you? Rather, it is obvious that the verse is referring to a Jew who hates you. But is one permitted to hate a fellow Jew? But isn’t it written: “You shall not hate your brother in your heart” (Leviticus 19:17), which clearly prohibits the hatred of another Jew? Rather, perhaps you will say that the verse is referring to a situation where there are witnesses that he performed a sin. However, in that case, everyone else should also hate him. What is different about this particular person who hates him? Rather, is it not referring to a case like this, when he saw him perform a licentious matter? He is therefore permitted to hate him for his evil behavior, whereas others who are unaware of his actions may not hate him. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Not only is this permitted, it is even a mitzva to hate him, as it is stated: “The fear of God is to hate evil” (Proverbs 8:13). Rav Aḥa, son of Rava, said to Rav Ashi: What is the halakha with regard to whether one who saw someone sin may tell his teacher so that he too will hate him? Rav Ashi said to him: If the student knows that he is trusted by his teacher as two witnesses, and therefore his statement will be accepted, he should tell him, and if he is not trusted by his teacher as two witnesses, he should not tell him.

מדרש תנחומא, משפטים א׳

(א) ‎וְאֵלֶּה. זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: וְעֹז מֶלֶךְ מִשְׁפָּט אָהֵב, אַתָּה כּוֹנַנְתָּ מֵישָׁרִים, מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה בְּיַעֲקֹב אַתָּה עָשִׂיתָ (תהלים צט, ד). כָּל הָעֹז וְהַשֶּׁבַח וְהַגְּדֻלָּה וְהַגְּבוּרָה שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים, הוּא מִשְׁפָּט אָהֵב. בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, מִי שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל זְרוֹעַ אֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה לַעֲשׂוֹת דְּבָרָיו בְּמִשְׁפָּט, אֶלָּא מַעֲבִיר עַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט, חוֹמֵס וְגוֹזֵל, וּמַעֲבִיר עַל דַּעַת קוֹנוֹ, וְנוֹשֵׂא פָּנִים לִפְנֵי אוֹהֲבָיו וּקְרוֹבָיו, וְעוֹשֶׂה שֶׁלֹּא כַּדִּין לְשׂוֹנְאָיו. אֲבָל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים, מִשְׁפָּט אָהֵב, אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה דְּבָרָיו אֶלָּא בְּמִשְׁפָּט. הֱוֵי, וְעֹז מֶלֶךְ מִשְׁפָּט אָהֵב.

(ב) מַהוּ אַתָּה כּוֹנַנְתָּ מֵישָׁרִים? אָמַר רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִי: שְׁנֵי חַמָּרִים מְהַלְּכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ שׂוֹנְאִין זֶה לָזֶה. רָבַץ לְאַחַד מֵהֶן חֲמוֹרוֹ. חֲבֵרוֹ עוֹבֵר וְרוֹאֵהוּ שֶׁרָבַץ תַּחַת מַשָּׂאוֹ, אָמַר, לֹא כְּתִיב בַּתּוֹרָה כִּי תִרְאֶה חֲמוֹר שׂנַאֲךָ וְגוֹ' עָזֹב תַּעֲזֹב (שמות כג, ה). מֶה עָשָׂה? חָזַר וְטָעַן וּמְלַוֵּהוּ. הִתְחִיל מֵסִיחַ עִמּוֹ, עֲזֹב קִמְעָא מִכָּאן, הַעֲלֵה מִכָּאן, עֲרֹק מִכָּאן, עַד שֶׁיִּטְעֹן עִמּוֹ, נִמְצְאוּ עוֹשִׂין שָׁלוֹם בֵּינֵיהֶם. וַחֲבֵרוֹ אוֹמֵר: לֹא הָיִיתִי סָבוּר שֶׁהוּא שׂוֹנְאִי. רְאֵה הֵיאַךְ רִחֵם עָלַי כְּשֶׁרָאָה אוֹתִי וְאֶת חֲמוֹרִי בְּדֹחַק. מִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ, נִכְנְסוּ לְפֻנְדָּק, אָכְלוּ וְשָׁתוּ בְּיַחַד וְנִתְאָהֲבוּ זֶה לָזֶה. הֱוֵי, אַתָּה כּוֹנַנְתָּ מֵישָׁרִים מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה.

Midrash Tanchuma, Mishpatim 1

(1) Now these are the judgments (Exod. 21:1). Scripture states (elsewhere in reference to this verse): The strength also of the king who loveth justice. Thou hast established equity and righteousness in Jacob (Ps. 99:4). (That is to say,) all strength, praise, greatness, and might belong to the King of Kings, who loveth justice. Normally a powerful man is not concerned about executing his decisions in accordance with the demands of justice. In fact, he ignores justice and commits acts of violence and theft. He disregards the attitude of His Creator, favors his friends and his relatives, and acts unjustly toward his enemies. But the Holy One, blessed be He, loveth justice, and executes his decrees only justly. Hence it says: The strength also of the King who loveth justice.

(2) What is meant by Thou hast established equity (ibid.)? R. Alexandri explained it as follows: Two mules are being led along a road by men who despise each other. Suddenly, one of the mules falls to the ground. As the one who is leading the second mule passes by, he sees the mule of the other man stretched out beneath his load, and he says to himself: “Is it not written in the law that If thou seest the ass of him that hateth thee lying under its burden, thou shalt forbear to pass him by; thou shalt verily release it for him (Exod. 23:5)?” What did he do? He turned back to help the other man reload his mule, and then accompanied him on the way. In fact, while working with him he began to talk to the owner of the mule, saying: “Let us loosen it a little on this side, let us tighten it down on this side,” until he reloaded the animal with him. It came to pass that they had made peace between themselves. The driver of the mule (that had fallen) said to himself: “I cannot believe that he hates me; see how concerned he was when he saw that my mule and I were in distress.” As a result, they went into the inn, and ate and drank together. Finally they became extremely attached to each other. Hence, Thou hast established equity, Thou hast executed justice and righteousness.