Berachot 7a: Talmud class 6 Av 5780, 27/7/2020

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים בִּקֵּשׁ מֹשֶׁה מִלִּפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְנָתַן לוֹ. בִּקֵּשׁ שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה שְׁכִינָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְנָתַן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הֲלוֹא בְּלֶכְתְּךָ עִמָּנוּ״.

Berakhot 7a:23

And Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yosei regarding Moses’ request that the Shechina rest upon Israel as it once had: Moses requested three things from the Holy One, Blessed be He, at that time, all of which were granted him. He requested that the Divine Presence rest upon Israel and not leave, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: “For how can it be known that I have found grace in Your sight, I and Your people? Is it not in that You go with us, so that we are distinguished, I and Your people, from all the people that are on the face of the earth?” (Exodus 33:16).

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ד

בִּקֵּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא תִּשְׁרֶה שְׁכִינָה עַל עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, וְנָתַן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְנִפְלִינוּ אֲנִי וְעַמְּךָ״.

Berakhot 7a:24

Moses requested that the Divine Presence not rest upon the nations of the world, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: “So that we are distinguished, I and Your people, from all the people on the face of the earth” (Exodus 33:16).

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ה

בִּקֵּשׁ לְהוֹדִיעוֹ דְּרָכָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְנָתַן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הוֹדִיעֵנִי נָא אֶת דְּרָכֶיךָ״,

אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! מִפְּנֵי מָה יֵשׁ צַדִּיק וְטוֹב לוֹ, וְיֵשׁ צַדִּיק וְרַע לוֹ, יֵשׁ רָשָׁע וְטוֹב לוֹ, וְיֵשׁ רָשָׁע וְרַע לוֹ? אָמַר לוֹ: מֹשֶׁה, צַדִּיק וְטוֹב לוֹ — צַדִּיק בֶּן צַדִּיק. צַדִּיק וְרַע לוֹ — צַדִּיק בֶּן רָשָׁע. רָשָׁע וְטוֹב לוֹ — רָשָׁע בֶּן צַדִּיק. רָשָׁע וְרַע לוֹ — רָשָׁע בֶּן רָשָׁע.

Berakhot 7a:25

Lastly, Moses requested that the ways in which God conducts the world be revealed to him, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: “Show me Your ways and I will know You” (Exodus 33:13).

Moses said before God: Master of the Universe. Why is it that the righteous prosper, the righteous suffer, the wicked prosper, the wicked suffer?
God said to him: Moses, the righteous person who prospers is a righteous person, the son of a righteous person. The righteous person who suffers is a righteous person, the son of a wicked person. The wicked person who prospers is a wicked person, the son of a righteous person. The wicked person who suffers is a wicked person, the son of a wicked person, who is punished for the transgressions of his ancestors.

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ו

אָמַר מָר: צַדִּיק וְטוֹב לוֹ — צַדִּיק בֶּן צַדִּיק, צַדִּיק וְרַע לוֹ — צַדִּיק בֶּן רָשָׁע. אִינִּי? וְהָא כְּתִיב: ״פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּבָנִים לֹא יוּמְתוּ עַל אָבוֹת״, וְרָמֵינַן קְרָאֵי אַהֲדָדֵי,

Berakhot 7a:26

Mar said: The righteous person who prospers is a righteous person, the son of a righteous person. The righteous person who suffers is a righteous person, the son of a wicked person. The Gemara then asks: Is it so that one is always punished for his ancestors’ transgressions? Isn’t it written: “He visits iniquity of the fathers upon the children” (Exodus 34:7). And it is written elsewhere: “Fathers shall not die for their children, and children shall not be put to death for the fathers; every man shall die for his own transgression” (Deuteronomy 24:16). And the Gemara raises a contradiction between the two verses.

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ז

וּמְשַׁנֵּינַן: לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא — כְּשֶׁאוֹחֲזִין מַעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם בִּידֵיהֶם, הָא — כְּשֶׁאֵין אוֹחֲזִין מַעֲשֵׂה אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם בִּידֵיהֶם.

Berakhot 7a:27

The Gemara resolves the contradiction: This is not difficult. This verse from Exodus, which states that God punishes descendants for the transgressions of their ancestors, refers to a case where they adopt the actions of their ancestors as their own. While this verse from Deuteronomy, which states that descendants are not punished for the actions of their ancestors, refers to a case where they do not adopt the actions of their ancestors as their own, as it is stated: “I visit iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the third and fourth generations of my enemies” (Exodus 20:5).

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ח

אֶלָּא, הָכִי קָאָמַר לֵיהּ: צַדִּיק וְטוֹב לוֹ — צַדִּיק גָּמוּר, צַדִּיק וְרַע לוֹ — צַדִּיק שֶׁאֵינוֹ גָּמוּר, רָשָׁע וְטוֹב לוֹ — רָשָׁע שֶׁאֵינוֹ גָּמוּר, רָשָׁע וְרַע לוֹ — רָשָׁע גָּמוּר.

Berakhot 7a:28

A righteous person is clearly not punished for the transgressions of his ancestors. Rather, it must be that God said to Moses as follows:
The righteous person who prospers is completely righteous.
The righteous person who suffers is one who is not a completely righteous person.
The wicked person who prospers is one who is not a completely wicked person.
Finally, the wicked person who suffers is a completely wicked person.

ברכות ז׳ א:כ״ט

וּפְלִיגָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: שְׁתַּיִם נָתְנוּ לוֹ וְאַחַת לֹא נָתְנוּ לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְחַנֹּתִי אֶת אֲשֶׁר אָחוֹן״ — אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ הָגוּן, ״וְרִחַמְתִּי אֶת אֲשֶׁר אֲרַחֵם״ — אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ הָגוּן.

Berakhot 7a:29

Rabbi Yoḥanan’s opinion, that God granted Moses all three of his requests, disagrees with that of Rabbi Meir, as Rabbi Meir said: Two of Moses’ requests were granted to him, and one was not granted to him. As it is said: “And I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious” (Exodus 33:19); in His mercy, God bestows His grace upon every person, even though he is not worthy. Similarly, God says: “And I will have mercy upon whom I will have mercy,” even though he is not worthy. According to Rabbi Meir, the way in which God conducts the world and bestows grace and mercy was not revealed even to Moses.

ברכות ז׳ א:ל׳

״וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא תוּכַל לִרְאוֹת אֶת פָּנָי״, תָּנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, כָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה: כְּשֶׁרָצִיתִי — לֹא רָצִיתָ, עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁאַתָּה רוֹצֶה — אֵינִי רוֹצֶה.

Berakhot 7a:30

"And He said: ‘You cannot see My face, for man shall not see Me and live’” (Exodus 33:20), it was taught in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses as follows: When I wanted to show you My glory at the burning bush, you did not want to see it, as it is stated: “And Moses concealed his face, fearing to gaze upon God” (Exodus 3:6). But now that you want to see My glory, as you said: “Show me Your glory,” I do not want to show it to you. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa interprets Moses’ initial refusal to look upon God’s glory negatively, as he rebuffed God’s desire to be close to him.

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״א

וּפְלִיגָא דְּרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: בִּשְׂכַר שָׁלֹשׁ זָכָה לְשָׁלֹשׁ.

Berakhot 7a:31

This disagrees with that which Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said, as Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: Specifically as a reward for three acts of humility in averting his glance at the burning bush, Moses was privileged to experience three great revelations:

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״ב

בִּשְׂכַר ״וַיַּסְתֵּר מֹשֶׁה פָּנָיו״ — זָכָה לִקְלַסְתֵּר פָּנִים. בִּשְׂכַר ״כִּי יָרֵא״ — זָכָה לְ״וַיִּירְאוּ מִגֶּשֶׁת אֵלָיו״. בִּשְׂכַר ״מֵהַבִּיט״ — זָכָה לְ״וּתְמֻנַת ה׳ יַבִּיט״.

Berakhot 7a:32

Because “Moses concealed his face, fearing to gaze upon God” (Exodus 3:6), he was privileged to have his countenance [kelaster] glow.
Because he “feared,” he was privileged that “they feared to approach him” (Exodus 34:30).
Because he did not “gaze,” he was privileged to “behold the likeness of the Lord” (Numbers 12:8).

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״ג

״וַהֲסִרֹתִי אֶת כַּפִּי וְרָאִיתָ אֶת אֲחֹרָי״. אָמַר רַב חָנָא בַּר בִּיזְנָא, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲסִידָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֶרְאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמֹשֶׁה קֶשֶׁר שֶׁל תְּפִילִּין.

Berakhot 7a:33

What did Moses see? It is said: “And I will remove My hand, and you will see My back, but My face you will not see” (Exodus 33:23). Rav Ḥana bar Bizna said in the name of Rabbi Shimon Ḥasida, the expression: “And you will see My back,” should be understood as follows: This teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, Who, as mentioned above, wears phylacteries, showed him the knot of the phylacteries of His head, which is worn on the back of the head.

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״ד

וְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: כָּל דִּבּוּר וְדִבּוּר שֶׁיָּצָא מִפִּי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְטוֹבָה, אֲפִילּוּ עַל תְּנַאי — לֹא חָזַר בּוֹ.

Berakhot 7a:34

On this subject, Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: Every statement to a person or to a nation that emerged from the mouth of the Holy One, Blessed be He, with a promise of good, even if it was conditional, He did not renege on it. Ultimately, every promise made by God will be fulfilled.

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״ה

מְנָא לָן — מִמֹּשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״הֶרֶף מִמֶּנִּי וְאַשְׁמִידֵם וְגוֹ׳ וְאֶעֱשֶׂה אוֹתְךָ לְגוֹי עָצוּם״. אַף עַל גַּב דִּבְעָא מֹשֶׁה רַחֲמֵי עֲלַהּ דְּמִלְּתָא וּבַטְּלַהּ, אֲפִילּוּ הָכִי — אוֹקְמַהּ בְּזַרְעֵיהּ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״בְּנֵי מֹשֶׁה גֵּרְשׁוֹם וֶאֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי אֱלִיעֶזֶר רְחַבְיָה הָרֹאשׁ וְגוֹ׳ וּבְנֵי רְחַבְיָה רָבוּ לְמָעְלָה וְגוֹ׳״.

Berakhot 7a:35

From where do we derive that all of God’s promises are fulfilled? We know this from Moses our teacher, as God promised and said: “Leave Me alone; I will destroy them and blot out their name from under heaven; and I will make from you a nation mightier and greater than they” (Deuteronomy 9:14). Even though Moses prayed to have the decree repealed, and it was nullified, the promise was fulfilled and Moses’ descendants became a nation mightier and greater than the 600,000 Israelites in the desert. As it is stated with regard to the Levites: “The sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer…and the sons of Eliezer were Reḥaviya the chief. And Eliezer had no other sons; and the sons of Reḥaviya were very many” (I Chronicles 23:15–17).

ברכות ז׳ א:ל״ו

וְתָנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: ״לְמַעְלָה״ — מִשִּׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, אַתְיָא ״רְבִיָּה״ ״רְבִיָּה״. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״רָבוּ לְמַעְלָה״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּרוּ וַיִּשְׁרְצוּ וַיִּרְבּוּ״.

Berakhot 7a:36

And Rav Yosef taught in a baraita: “Many” means more than 600,000. This is learned through a verbal analogy between the words many and many. It is written here with regard to Reḥaviya’s sons: “Were very many.” And it is written there with regard to the Israelites in Egypt: “And the children of Israel became numerous and multiplied and were very many, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them” (Exodus 1:7). Just as when the children of Israel were in Egypt, very many meant that there were 600,000 of them, so too the descendants of Reḥaviya were 600,000.

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