Purim, Camp, and Drag

(עב״ם סִימָן) אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בַּעֲצֶרֶת דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? יוֹם שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה בּוֹ תּוֹרָה הוּא. אָמַר רַבָּה: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בְּשַׁבָּת דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? ״וְקָרָאתָ לַשַּׁבָּת עוֹנֶג״. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הַכֹּל מוֹדִים בְּפוּרִים דְּבָעֵינַן נָמֵי לָכֶם. מַאי טַעְמָא? ״יְמֵי מִשְׁתֶּה וְשִׂמְחָה״ כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ.

Pesachim 68b:10

Ayin, beit, mem is a mnemonic consisting of the first letter of Atzeret, the middle letter of Shabbat and the final letter of Purim. Rabbi Elazar said: All agree with regard to Atzeret, the holiday of Shavuot, that we require that it be also “for you,” meaning that it is a mitzva to eat, drink, and rejoice on that day. What is the reason? It is the day on which the Torah was given, and one must celebrate the fact that the Torah was given to the Jewish people. Rabba said: All agree with regard to Shabbat that we require that it be also “for you.” What is the reason? Because the verse states: “If you proclaim Shabbat a delight, the sacred day of God honored” (Isaiah 58:13). Rav Yosef said: All agree with regard to Purim that we require that it be also “for you.” What is the reason? Because it is written: “To observe them as days of feasting and gladness” (Esther 9:22).

עין יעקב (מאת שמואל צבי גליק), פסחים ו׳:ו׳

ר׳ אליעזר סבר או כולו לה׳ או כולו לכם, ור׳ יהושע סבר חלקהו חציו לה׳ וחציו לכם. אמר ר׳ אלעזר הכל מודים בעצרת דבעינן נמי לכם מאי טעמא יום שניתנה בו תורה הוא. אמר רבה הכל מודים בשבת דבעינן נמי לכם מאי טעמא (ישעיה נח יג) וקראת לשבת עונג. אמר רב יוסף הכל מודים בפורים דבעינן נמי לכם מ״ט (אסתר ט כב) ימי משתה ושמחה כתיב ביה.

Ein Yaakov (Glick Edition), Pesakhim 6:6

R. Eliezer, therefore, is of the opinion that this intends to suggest [all holy days are] a celebration either for God or for yourself;" ... R. Eliezer said: "All agree that on the Shebouth festival, a certain part should also be devoted for yourself, because it is the day on which the Torah was given [hence we ought to rejoice on that occasion]." Rabba said: "All agree that the Sabbath should also be devoted for yourself. The reason of it is (Is. 58, 13) And thou shalt call the Sabbath rejoicing." R. Joseph said: "All agree that Purim should also be devoted for yourself; explanation is found in (Esther 9, 22) days of feasts and rejoicing."

"Camp . . . is very serious—serious about maintaining the freedom to play, which is a way of saying the freedom to live." —J. Bryan Lowder, 2013

אורח חיים תרצ״ו:ח׳

מותר לישא אשה בפורים: הגה בין בי"ד בין בט"ו וכ"ש שמותר לעשות פדיון הבן (תוס' פרק קמא דמועד קטן) מה שנהגו ללבוש פרצופים בפורים וגבר לובש שמלת אשה ואשה כלי גבר אין איסור בדבר מאחר שאין מכוונין אלא לשמחה בעלמא וכן בלבישת כלאים דרבנן וי"א דאסור אבל המנהג כסברא הראשונה וכן בני אדם החוטפים זה מזה דרך שמחה אין בזה משום לא תגזול ונהגו כך ובלבד שלא יעשה דבר שלא כהוגן ע"פ טובי העיר: (תשובת מהר"י מינץ סי' י"ז):

Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 696:8

It is permitted to get married on Purim. Rama: This refers to both the fourteenth and the fifteenth of the month, and one can certainly perform Pidyon Haben too. As to the custom of wearing 'faces' on Purim, and men who wear women's dresses and women wearing men's attire - this is not forbidden, for they have no intention other than pure pleasure. So too the practice of wearing kilayim, rabinically forbidden mixtures of clothes. And although some say it is forbidden, we follow the first opinion. So too, the custom of stealing from each other in a happy way - this does not fall under the prohibition of 'Do not steal', and this is what is done, as long as one does not transgress what is considered acceptable by the elders of the town.

פניני הלכה, זמנים ט״ז:ט״ז:ג׳

כתב מהר"י מינץ (תשובה טז), שנהגו בבתי גדולים וחסידים באשכנז, שהיו מתחפשים, וגברים לבשו בגדי נשים, ונשים בגדי גברים. וכתב שאין להרהר אחריהם, ובוודאי אין בזה חשש איסור, משום שכל איסור 'לא ילבש' הוא כאשר מחליפים את המלבושים למטרת ניאוף ופריצות, אבל כאשר המטרה לשמחה, אין איסור. וכתב הרמ"א (תרצו, ח), שכך המנהג.

Peninei Halakhah, Zemanim 16:16:3

Mahari Mintz writes that the custom in the homes of great and pious individuals in Germany was to dress up on Purim; men even wore women’s clothing and women wore men’s clothing (Responsa §16). He comments that one should not think poorly of them, since there is certainly no concern that this is prohibited. After all, the prohibition of lo yilbash (the prohibition against cross-dressing) refers only to wearing the clothing of the opposite gender for purpose of adultery and licentiousness. However, when this is done for the sake of rejoicing, it is not prohibited. Rema (696:8) writes that this is the accepted practice.

מגילה ז׳ ב:ז׳

אמר רבא מיחייב איניש לבסומי בפוריא עד דלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי

Megillah 7b:7

Rava said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated with wine on Purim until he is so intoxicated that he does not know how to distinguish between cursed is Haman and blessed is Mordecai.

"Camp taste turns its back on the good-bad axis of ordinary aesthetic judgement. Camp doesn't reverse things. It doesn't argue that the good is bad, or the bad is good. What it does is to offer for art and for life a different —or supplementary —set of standards." –Susan Sontag, 1964

תקוני הזהר נ״ז ב:ד׳

פּוּרִים אִתְקְרִיאַת עַל שֵׁם יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, דַּעֲתִידִין לְאִתְעַנְגָא בֵּיהּ, וּלְשַׁנּוּיֵי לֵיהּ מֵעִנּוּי לְעֹנֶג, וּמַה דְּאִיהִי שְׁכִינְתָּא אָסוּר בֵּיהּ נְעִילַת הַסַּנְדָל, בְּהַהוּא זִמְנָא אִתְּמַר בָּהּ (שיר ז ב) מַה יָּפוּ פְעָמַיִךְ בַּנְּעָלִים בַּת נָדִיב, וְעִנּוּגָא וְחֶדְוָה וְכַמָּה טָבִין מְזוּמָנִין לְגַבָּהּ, וְדָא יְהֵא בְזִמְנָא דְפוּרְקָנָא בַעֲגָלָא.

Tikkunei Zohar 57b:4

It is called “Purim” because of Yom HaKippurim [which can be read as “the day that is like Purim”], for, in the future, people will rejoice on Yom Kippur, and will transform its required afflictions to delight. Although the Divine Presence forbade the wearing of shoes on Yom Kippur, at that time people will quote the verse, “How beautiful are your footsteps in sandals, O prince’s daughter” (Shir HaShirim/Song of Songs 7:2), and pleasure, joy, and much good will happen on that day – this will be the case in the time of the coming Redemption.

מדרש משלי ט׳:א׳

שכל המועדים עתידים בטלים, וימי הפורים אינם בטלים לעולם, שנאמר (אסתר ט כח): "וימי הפורים האלה לא יעברו מתוך היהודים".

Midrash Mishlei 9:1

all of the holidays are to be nullified in the future but the days of Purim will not be nullified, as it is stated (Esther 9:28), 'And these days of Purim will not be rescinded from the Jews.'"

"Camp taste is a kind of love, love for human nature." —Susan Sontag, 1964

Zohar: Yom Kippurim is a Yom K’Purim, a day like Purim. How so? On Purim, the miracle is wholly of this world, it is garbed in nature. Purim is a day we are most physical, most transcendent. Yom Kippur has a taste of that, but through negation of the physical. It attempts to rise to the ascendance of Purim, which is all ascendant through the entirely physical.

מגילה ט״ו ב:י״ג

רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר: מִבֵּית אָבִיהָ לָמְדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אִם רָעֵב שׂוֹנַאֲךָ הַאֲכִילֵהוּ לֶחֶם וְגוֹ׳״. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִטּוֹל עֵצָה וְיִמְרוֹד.

Megillah 15b:13

Rabbi Yehoshua says: She learned to do this from the Jewish teachings of her father’s house, as it is stated: “If your enemy be hungry, give him bread to eat” (Proverbs 25:21). Rabbi Meir says: She invited him in order that he be near her at all times, so that he would not take counsel and rebel against Ahasuerus when he discovered that the king was angry with him.

מגילה ט״ו ב:י״ב

״יָבֹא הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהָמָן אֶל הַמִּשְׁתֶּה״. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מָה רָאֲתָה אֶסְתֵּר שֶׁזִּימְּנָה אֶת הָמָן? רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: פַּחִים טָמְנָה לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יְהִי שֻׁלְחָנָם לִפְנֵיהֶם לְפָח״.

Megillah 15b:12

The verse states that Esther requested: “If it seem good unto the king, let the king and Haman come this day to the banquet that I have prepared for him” (Esther 5:4). The Sages taught in a baraita: What did Esther see to invite Haman to the banquet? Rabbi Elazar says: She hid a snare for him, as it is stated: “Let their table become a snare before them” (Psalms 69:23), as she assumed that she would be able to trip up Haman during the banquet.

מגילה ט״ו ב:י״ג

Megillah 15b:13

מגילה ט״ו ב:י״ד

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַכִּירוּ בָּהּ שֶׁהִיא יְהוּדִית. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר: כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל: אָחוֹת יֵשׁ לָנוּ בְּבֵית הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְיַסִּיחוּ דַּעְתָּן מִן הָרַחֲמִים. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא מָצוּי לָהּ בְּכׇל עֵת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן מְנַסְיָא אוֹמֵר: אוּלַי יַרְגִּישׁ הַמָּקוֹם וְיַעֲשֶׂה לָנוּ נֵס.

Megillah 15b:14

Rabbi Yehuda says: She invited Haman so that it not be found out that she was a Jew, as had she distanced him, he would have become suspicious. Rabbi Neḥemya says: She did this so that the Jewish people would not say: We have a sister in the king’s house, and consequently neglect their prayers for divine mercy. Rabbi Yosei says: She acted in this manner, so that Haman would always be on hand for her, as that would enable her to find an opportunity to cause him to stumble before the king. Rabbi Shimon ben Menasya said that Esther said to herself: Perhaps the Omnipresent will take notice that all are supporting Haman and nobody is supporting the Jewish people, and He will perform for us a miracle.

מגילה ט״ו ב:ט״ו

רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קׇרְחָה אוֹמֵר: אַסְבִּיר לוֹ פָּנִים כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּהָרֵג הוּא וְהִיא. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: מֶלֶךְ הֲפַכְפְּכָן הָיָה. אָמַר רַבִּי גַּמְלִיאֵל: עֲדַיִין צְרִיכִין אָנוּ לַמּוֹדָעִי, דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי אוֹמֵר: קִנְּאַתּוּ בַּמֶּלֶךְ קִנְּאַתּוּ בַּשָּׂרִים.

Megillah 15b:15

Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa says: She said to herself: I will act kindly toward him and thereby bring the king to suspect that we are having an affair; she did so in order that both he and she would be killed. Essentially, Esther was willing to be killed with Haman in order that the decree would be annulled. Rabban Gamliel says: Ahasuerus was a fickle king, and Esther hoped that if he saw Haman on multiple occasions, eventually he would change his opinion of him. Rabban Gamliel said: We still need the words of Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i to understand why Esther invited Haman to her banquet. As it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i says: She made the king jealous of him and she made the other ministers jealous of him, and in this way she brought about his downfall.

מגילה ט״ו ב:ט״ז

רַבָּה אָמַר: ״לִפְנֵי שֶׁבֶר גָּאוֹן״. אַבָּיֵי וְרָבָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַיְיהוּ: ״בְּחוּמָּם אָשִׁית אֶת מִשְׁתֵּיהֶם וְגוֹ׳״. אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ רַבָּה בַּר אֲבוּהּ לְאֵלִיָּהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּמַאן חַזְיָא אֶסְתֵּר וַעֲבַדָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּכוּלְּהוּ תַּנָּאֵי וּכְכוּלְּהוּ אָמוֹרָאֵי.

Megillah 15b:16

Rabba says: Esther invited Haman to her banquet in order to fulfill that which is stated: “Pride goes before destruction” (Proverbs 16:18), which indicates that in order to destroy the wicked, one must first bring them to pride. It can be understood according to Abaye and Rava, who both say that she invited Haman in order to fulfill the verse: “When they are heated, I will make feasts for them, and I will make them drunk, that they may rejoice, and sleep a perpetual sleep” (Jeremiah 51:39). The Gemara relates that Rabba bar Avuh once happened upon Elijah the Prophet and said to him: In accordance with whose understanding did Esther see fit to act in this manner? What was the true reason behind her invitation? He, Elijah, said to him: Esther was motivated by all the reasons previously mentioned and did so for all the reasons previously stated by the tanna’im and all the reasons stated by the amora’im.

מגילה ט״ו א:ט״ז

״וַיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וַתִּלְבַּשׁ אֶסְתֵּר מַלְכוּת״. ״בִּגְדֵי מַלְכוּת״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלְּבָשַׁתָּה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״וַתִּלְבַּשׁ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״וְרוּחַ לָבְשָׁה אֶת עֲמָשַׂי״.

Megillah 15a:16

The verse states: “And it came to pass on the third day, that Esther clothed herself in royalty” (Esther 5:1). The Gemara asks: It should have said: Esther clothed herself in royal garments. Rabbi Elazar said that Rabbi Ḥanina said: This teaches that she clothed herself with a divine spirit of inspiration, as it is written here: “And she clothed herself,” and it is written elsewhere: “And the spirit clothed Amasai” (I Chronicles 12:19). Just as there the reference is to the spirit of divine inspiration, so too here, the term royalty is referring to the spirit of divine inspiration.

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