Parshat Bamidbar: The Power of the Individual

Census of the Israelites

(א) וַיְדַבֵּר יי אֶל מֹשֶׁה בְּמִדְבַּר סִינַי בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר. (ב) שְׂאוּ אֶת רֹאשׁ כָּל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָם לְבֵית אֲבֹתָם בְּמִסְפַּר שֵׁמוֹת כָּל זָכָר לְגֻלְגְּלֹתָם.

Numbers 1:1-2

(1) AND THE LORD spoke unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tent of meeting, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after the were come out of the land of Egypt, saying: (2) ’Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, by their families, by their fathers’houses, according to the number of names, every male, by their polls;

Counting Out of Love

רש"י על במדבר א׳:א׳

(א) "וידבר ... במדבר סיני ... באחד לחדש" - מתוך חיבתן לפניו – מונה אותם כל שעה (במ"ר ב, יט): כשיצאו ממצרים – מנאן (שמות יב, לז); וכשנפלו בעגל – מנאן, לידע מנין הנותרים (שם לב, כח); כשבא להשרות שכינתו עליהם – מנאן (שם לח, כו). באחד בניסן הוקם המשכן (שם מ, יז), ובאחד באייר מנאם:

Rashi on Numbers 1:1

(1) Because they were dear to Him, He counted them often. When they left Egypt, He counted them (Exod. 12:37); when [many] fell because [of the sin] of the golden calf, He counted them to know the number of the survivors (Exod. 32:28); when He came to cause His Divine Presence to rest among them, He counted them. On the first of Nissan, the Mishkan was erected, and on the first of Iyar, He counted them.

Counting: A Necessary Evil

שמות ל׳:י״א-י״ב

(יא) וַיְדַבֵּר יי אֶל מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר. (יב) כִּי תִשָּׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְקֻדֵיהֶם וְנָתְנוּ אִישׁ כֹּפֶר נַפְשׁוֹ לַיי בִּפְקֹד אֹתָם וְלֹא יִהְיֶה בָהֶם נֶגֶף בִּפְקֹד אֹתָם.

Exodus 30:11-12

(11) And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: (12) ’When thou takest the sum of the children of Israel, according to their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul unto the LORD, when thou numberest them; that there be no plague among them, when thou numberest them.

David Punished for Counting

דברי הימים א כ״א:א׳-ח׳

(א) וַיַּעֲמֹד שָׂטָן עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיָּסֶת אֶת דָּוִיד לִמְנוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ב) וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִיד אֶל יוֹאָב וְאֶל שָׂרֵי הָעָם לְכוּ סִפְרוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִבְּאֵר שֶׁבַע וְעַד דָּן וְהָבִיאוּ אֵלַי וְאֵדְעָה אֶת מִסְפָּרָם. ... (ז) וַיֵּרַע בְּעֵינֵי הָאֱלֹהִים עַל הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וַיַּךְ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. (ח) וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִיד אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים חָטָאתִי מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי אֶת הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וְעַתָּה הַעֲבֶר נָא אֶת עֲווֹן עַבְדְּךָ כִּי נִסְכַּלְתִּי מְאֹד.

I Chronicles 21:1-8

(1) And Satan stood up against Israel, and moved David to number Israel. (2) And David said to Joab and to the princes of the people: ‘Go, number Israel from Beersheba even to Dan; and bring me word, that I may know the sum of them.’ (3) And Joab said: ‘The LORD make His people a hundred times so many more as they are; but, my lord the king, are they not all my lord’s servants? why doth my lord require this thing? why will he be a cause of guilt unto Israel?’ (4) Nevertheless the king’s word prevailed against Joab. Wherefore Joab departed and went throughout all Israel, and came to Jerusalem. (5) And Joab gave up the sum of the numbering of the people unto David. And all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and a hundred thousand men that drew sword; and Judah was four hundred three-score and ten thousand men that drew sword. (6) But Levi and Benjamin he did not number among them; for the king’s word was abominable to Joab. (7) And God was displeased with this thing; therefore He smote Israel. (8) And David said unto God: ‘I have sinned greatly, in that I have done this thing; but now, put away, I beseech Thee, the iniquity of Thy servant; for I have done very foolishly.’

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks:
In any census, count or roll-call there is a tendency to focus on the total: the crowd, the multitude, the mass. Here is a nation of 60 million people, or a company with 100,000 employees or a sports crowd of 60,000. Any total tends to value the group or nation as a whole. The larger the total, the stronger is the army, the more popular the team, and the more successful the company.
Counting devalues the individual, and tends to make him or her replaceable. If one soldier dies in battle, another will take his place. If one person leaves the organisation, someone else can be hired to do his or her job.

Gustav Le Bon’ The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind(1895)
"An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will."

Power of the Individual: Rambam, Hilchot Teshuva 3:4
צריך כל אדם שיראה עצמו כל השנה כולה כאילו חציו זכאי וחציו חייב וכן כל העולם חציו זכאי וחציו חייב חטא חטא אחד הרי הכריע את עצמו ואת כל העולם כולו לכף חובה וגרם לו השחתה עשה מצוה אחת הרי הכריע את עצמו ואת כל העולם כולו לכף זכות וגרם לו ולהם תשועה והצלה שנאמר וצדיק יסוד עולם זה שצדק הכריע את כל העולם לזכות והצילו