Carrying on Shabbat

(3) And God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because on it God ceased from all the work of creation that God had done.

(29) Mark that Adonai has given you Shabbat; therefore God will give you two days’ food on the sixth day. Let everyone remain where he is: let no one leave his place on the seventh day.

(9) Six days you shall labor and do all your work, (10) but the seventh day is a sabbath of Adonai your God: you shall not do any work—you, your son or daughter, your male or female slave, or your cattle, or the stranger who is within your settlements. (11) For in six days Adonai made heaven and earth and sea, and all that is in them, and God rested on the seventh day; therefore Adonai blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it.

(14) You shall keep the sabbath, for it is holy for you. They who profanes it shall be put to death: whoever does work on it, that person shall be cut off from among their kin.

(13) If you turn away your foot away because of Shabbat, from pursuing your affairs on My holy day; If you call Shabbat a “delight,” Adonai’s holy day “honored”; and if you honor it and go not your wanted ways, nor pursuing your business or speaking about it— (14) Then you can seek the favor of Adonai. I will set you astride the heights of the earth, and feed you with the heritage of your father Jacob—For the mouth of Adonai has spoken it.

(21) Thus said Adonai: Guard yourselves for your own sake against carrying burdens on the day of Shabbat, and bringing them through the gates of Jerusalem.

(32) “The peoples of the land who bring their wares and all sorts of foodstuff for sale on the sabbath day—we will not buy from them on the sabbath or a holy day.

(2) [The] primary categories of labor are forty-less-one. One who sows, and one who plows, and one who reaps, and one who gathers and one who threshes, and one who winnows, one who selects, one who grinds, and one who sifts, and one who kneads, and one who bakes. One who shears wool, one who whitens it, and one who combs it, and one who dyes it, and one who spins, and one who stretches, and one who constructs two meshes, and one who weaves two threads, and one who severs two threads one who ties, and one who unties, and one who sews two stitches one who tears in order to sew two stitches. One who traps a deer, one who slaughters it, and one who flays it, one who salts its, and one who tans its hide, and one who smooths it, and one who cuts it. One who writes two letters and one who erases in order to write two letters. One who builds, and one who dismantles, one who extinguishes, and one who kindles. One who strikes with a hammer, one who carries out an object from domain to domain. These are [the] primary categories of labor, forty-less-one.

Gemara: From where is carrying called work? Rabbi Shemuel bar Nahman in the name of Rabbi Yonatan : "They heard it from this [verse: Exod. 36:6]: 'And Moses gave commandment, and they caused it to be passed throughout the camp, saying: Let neither man nor woman make any more labor for the offering of the sanctuary. So the people stopped bringing.'-- the people abstained from taking [objects] out from their houses to give to the treasurers." Rabbi Hezikiah in the name of Rabbi Elah: "You could even derive bringing in from it! Just as the people abstained from taking [objects] out from their houses to give to the treasurers, the treasurers abstained from accepting [objects] from their hands and bringing [them] into the treasury." Rabbi Hezikiah in the name of Rabbi Aha: "Derive them all from this verse [Jeremiah 17:22]: Do not bring a burden out of your houses on the Sabbath day." [Back to Rabbi Yohanan's statement:] "One who brings in half a fig's-bulk, or takes out half a fig's-bulk is held punishable."

MISHNA: (Mishnah 1:1) Carrying out on Shabbat, two that comprise four inside and two that comprise four outside. How? (1) The poor person is outside, and the homeowner is inside. The poor person extended his hand inside and placed something into the hand of the homeowner. Or, he took and carried something out: The poor person is liable and the homeowner is exempt. (2) The homeowner extended his hand and placed something into the hand of the poor person. Or, he took something and carried it inside: The homeowner is liable and the poor person is exempt. (3) The poor person extended his hand inside and the homeowner took something from him or he placed something and he carried out: both of them are exempt. Or the homeowner extended his hand outside and the poor person took from him or the poor person put something in and he carried it inside: Both of them are exempt.

GEMARA: We learned there: Oaths are two that comprise four. Knowledge of ritual impurity, are two that comprise four. Signs of affliction by leprosy are two that comprise four. Carrying out on Shabbat are two that comprise four. What is different here that it teaches? Two that comprise four inside and two that comprise four outside, and what is different there that it teaches two that comprise four, and nothing more? Here, the primary concern is Shabbat, it teaches the primary categories and teaches the subcategories. There, it does not primarily concern Shabbat, so it teaches the primary categories but does not teach the subcategories. What are the primary? Carrying out. But carrying out are two! And if you say among them are those for liability and among them are those for exemption, this teaches parallel to the signs of affliction by leprosy. Just as there, all of them are for liability, so too, here, all of them are for liability. Rather, Rav Pappa said, here, in the primary of Shabbat, it teaches liability and exemption, there, not in the primary of Shabbat, it teaches liability but does not teach exemption. For what is there liability? Carrying out. But there are two acts of carrying out! Two of carrying out and two of carrying in. Carrying out is taught. Rav Ashi said: The tanna also refers to carrying in as carrying out. My source? From that which we learned: One who carries out from one domain to another is liable. Are we not talking about where he is carrying in from the public domain to the private domain, and it characterizes it as carrying out? And what is the reason? The tanna characterizes any lifting of an object from its place as "carrying out." Ravina said: Our mishna is also precise, as carrying out was taught and immediately carrying in is articulated. Infer from this! Rava said: he taught domains. The domains of Shabbat are two. Rav Mattana said to Abaye: Are these eight? They are twelve! [Response] According to your reasoning, they are sixteen. He said: That is not difficult, granted