The Identity of the Two Midwives: The Interpretation of Shadal (pub. Parma, 1871; R.Shmuel David Luzzatto)

(ח) וַיָּ֥קׇם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ עַל־מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף׃ (ט) וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אֶל־עַמּ֑וֹ הִנֵּ֗ה עַ֚ם בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל רַ֥ב וְעָצ֖וּם מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃ (י) הָ֥בָה נִֽתְחַכְּמָ֖ה ל֑וֹ פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְהָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙ וְנוֹסַ֤ף גַּם־הוּא֙ עַל־שֹׂ֣נְאֵ֔ינוּ וְנִלְחַם־בָּ֖נוּ וְעָלָ֥ה מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (יא) וַיָּשִׂ֤ימוּ עָלָיו֙ שָׂרֵ֣י מִסִּ֔ים לְמַ֥עַן עַנֹּת֖וֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָ֑ם וַיִּ֜בֶן עָרֵ֤י מִסְכְּנוֹת֙ לְפַרְעֹ֔ה אֶת־פִּתֹ֖ם וְאֶת־רַעַמְסֵֽס׃ (יב) וְכַאֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְכֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ וַיָּקֻ֕צוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (יג) וַיַּעֲבִ֧דוּ מִצְרַ֛יִם אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃ (יד) וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה בְּחֹ֙מֶר֙ וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים וּבְכׇל־עֲבֹדָ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה אֵ֚ת כׇּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃

(טו) וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרַ֔יִם לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת אֲשֶׁ֨ר שֵׁ֤ם הָֽאַחַת֙ שִׁפְרָ֔ה וְשֵׁ֥ם הַשֵּׁנִ֖ית פּוּעָֽה׃ (טז) וַיֹּ֗אמֶר בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן֙ אֶת־הָֽעִבְרִיּ֔וֹת וּרְאִיתֶ֖ן עַל־הָאׇבְנָ֑יִם אִם־בֵּ֥ן הוּא֙ וַהֲמִתֶּ֣ן אֹת֔וֹ וְאִם־בַּ֥ת הִ֖וא וָחָֽיָה׃ (יז) וַתִּירֶ֤אןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ אֶת־הָ֣אֱלֹהִ֔ים וְלֹ֣א עָשׂ֔וּ כַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר אֲלֵיהֶ֖ן מֶ֣לֶךְ מִצְרָ֑יִם וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃ (יח) וַיִּקְרָ֤א מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֔ת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר לָהֶ֔ן מַדּ֥וּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֑ה וַתְּחַיֶּ֖יןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃ (יט) וַתֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַנָּשִׁ֛ים הַמִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּטֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵהֶ֛ן הַמְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ׃ (כ) וַיֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֑ת וַיִּ֧רֶב הָעָ֛ם וַיַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד׃ (כא) וַיְהִ֕י כִּֽי־יָרְא֥וּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַיַּ֥עַשׂ לָהֶ֖ם בָּתִּֽים׃ (כב) וַיְצַ֣ו פַּרְעֹ֔ה לְכׇל־עַמּ֖וֹ לֵאמֹ֑ר כׇּל־הַבֵּ֣ן הַיִּלּ֗וֹד הַיְאֹ֙רָה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔הוּ וְכׇל־הַבַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּן׃ {פ}

(8) A new king arose over Egypt who did not know Joseph. (9) And he said to his people, “Look, the Israelite people are much too numerous for us. (10) Let us deal shrewdly with them, so that they may not increase; otherwise in the event of war they may join our enemies in fighting against us and rise from the ground.”-a (11) So they set taskmasters over them to oppress them with forced labor; and they built garrison cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses. (12) But the more they were oppressed, the more they increased and spread out, so that the [Egyptians] came to dread the Israelites. (13) The Egyptians ruthlessly imposed upon the Israelites (14) the various labors that they made them perform. Ruthlessly-c they made life bitter for them with harsh labor at mortar and bricks and with all sorts of tasks in the field.

(15) The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and the other Puah, (16) saying, “When you deliver the Hebrew women, look at the birthstool: if it is a boy, kill him; if it is a girl, let her live.” (17) The midwives, fearing God, did not do as the king of Egypt had told them; they let the boys live. (18) So the king of Egypt summoned the midwives and said to them, “Why have you done this thing, letting the boys live?” (19) The midwives said to Pharaoh, “Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women: they are vigorous. Before the midwife can come to them, they have given birth.” (20) And God dealt well with the midwives; and the people multiplied and increased greatly. (21) And because the midwives feared God, He established households for them. (22) Then Pharaoh charged all his people, saying, “Every boy that is born you shall throw into the Nile, but let every girl live.”

(טו) וַאֲמַר מַלְכָּא דְמִצְרַיִם לְחַיָתָא יְהוּדַיָתָא דְשׁוּם חָדָא שִׁפְרָה וְשּׁוּם תִּנְיֵתָא פּוּעָה:

(ב) שפרה. יוֹכֶבֶד, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁמְּשַׁפֶּרֶת אֶת הַוָּלָד (שם): (ג) פועה. זוֹ מִרְיָם, שֶׁפּוֹעָה וּמְדַבֶּרֶת וְהוֹגָה לַוָּלָד (שם), כְּדֶרֶךְ הַנָּשִׁים הַמְפַיְּסוֹת תִּינוֹק הַבּוֹכֶה. (ד) פועה. לְשׁוֹן צְעָקָה, כְּמוֹ "כַּיּוֹלֵדָה אֶפְעֶה" (ישעיה מ"ב):

(2) שפרה SHIPHRAH — This was Jochebed; she bore this additional name because she used to put the babe after its birth into good physical condition (משפרת) by the care she bestowed upon it (Sotah 11b). (3) פועה PUAH — This was Miriam, and she bore this additional name because she used to Call aloud and speak and croon to the babe just as women do who soothe a child when it is crying (Sotah 11b). (4) פועה has the meaning of crying aloud, as (Isaiah 42:14) “I will cry (אפעה) like a travailing woman”.

רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל: חַד אָמַר אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ, וְחַד אָמַר כַּלָּה וַחֲמוֹתָהּ.

מַאן דְּאָמַר אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ יוֹכֶבֶד וּמִרְיָם וּמַאן דְּאָמַר כַּלָּה וַחֲמוֹתָהּ יוֹכֶבֶד וֶאֱלִישֶׁבַע.

...דְּתַנְיָא שִׁפְרָה זוֹ יוֹכֶבֶד וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ שִׁפְרָה שֶׁמְּשַׁפֶּרֶת אֶת הַוָּלָד דָּבָר אַחֵר שִׁפְרָה שֶׁפָּרוּ וְרָבוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיָמֶיהָ פּוּעָה זוֹ מִרְיָם וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ פּוּעָה שֶׁהָיְתָה פּוֹעָה וּמוֹצִיאָה אֶת הַוָּלָד דָּבָר אַחֵר פּוּעָה שֶׁהָיְתָה פּוֹעָה בְּרוּחַ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ וְאוֹמֶרֶת עֲתִידָה אִמִּי שֶׁתֵּלֵד בֵּן שֶׁמּוֹשִׁיעַ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל

וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת הַיְּלָדִים תָּנָא לֹא דַּיָּין שֶׁלֹּא הֵמִיתוּ אוֹתָן אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיוּ מַסְפִּיקוֹת לָהֶם מַיִם וּמָזוֹן

Rav and Shmuel disagree as to the proper interpretation of this verse. One says that these midwives were a woman and her daughter, and one says that they were a daughter-in-law and her mother-in-law. According to the one who says that they were a woman and her daughter, the women were Jochebed, the mother of Moses and Aaron, and her daughter, Miriam. And according to the one who says that they were a daughter-in-law and her mother-in-law, the verse is referring to Jochebed and her daughter-in-law Elisheba, the wife of Aaron. It is taught in a baraita according to the one who says that they were a woman and her daughter, because it is taught in a baraita: With regard to Shiphrah, who is referred to in the verse, this is really a reference to Jochebed. And why was she called Shiphrah? Because she would prepare [mishapperet] the newborn. Alternatively, she is referred to as Shiphrah because the Jewish people increased and multiplied [shepparu verabbu] in her days, due to her assistance. The baraita continues: With regard to Puah, who is referred to in the verse, this is really a reference to Miriam. And why was she called Puah? Because she would make a comforting sound [po’a] as she would remove the child from the womb of the mother. Alternatively, the word Puah is related to one of the verbs that describe speaking, as she would speak [po’a] through divine inspiration and say: In the future, my mother will give birth to a son who will save the Jewish people.

A Sage teaches: It is not only that they did not kill the children as Pharaoh had commanded them, but that they would even provide for them water and food, as the phrase “But they kept the male children alive” indicates.

But there are other schools of interpretation....

יש נשים חסידות גיורות הגר אסנת צפרה שפרה פועה בת פרעה רחב רות ויעל אשת חבר הקיני:

Josephus (died c/100 CE; Antiquities 2: 206 - 207, Brill ed.)

[The King of Egypt commanded] ...that the midwives of the Egyptians should watch carefully the pangs of childbirth of the Hebrew women and should observe closely their deliveries. For he ordered that they should be delivered of children by these who because of kinship were not likely to transgress the wish of the king. Those, however, who disregarded the decrees and dared secretly to save the child that had been born to them, he ordered to be put to death together with their offspring.

Samuel David Luzzatto (1800-65)... was an Italian scholar, poet, philosopher and Biblical commentator. ....he was appointed a professor at the rabbinical college of Padua, where he taught Bible, philology, philosophy, and Jewish history until his death. Though religiously observant and a defender of tradition, he applied critical scholarship to his Hebrew commentary of the Torah. He was a prolific writer, contributing to Hebrew and Jewish journals, and corresponding in Hebrew, Italian, French and German with the major rabbis and scholars of his day (adapted from Sefaria).

(א) למילדות העבריות: דעת רז"ל ואנקלוס ורשב"ם ורמבמ"ן וראז' שהיו המילדות האלה מזרע ישראל, ודעת המתרגם האלכסנדרי והיירונימוס ויוסף פלאויוס ודון יצחק שהיו מצריות מילדות העבריות,

וכן נראה, כי איך יתכן שיצוה לבנות ישראל להכרית את כל בני עמם, ויאמין שלא תגלינה הדבר?

וקלעריקוס טוען שאם לא היו עבריות היל"ל לעבריות, וראז' הגיה ואמר שהיל"ל את העבריות; ואין זו טענה כי אמת שיכול היה לומר למילדות את העבריות, אך אפשר ג"כ לומר למילדות העבריות בהשמטת מלת את, כמו האדם האוכל הבוסר (ירמיה ל"א ל')

ומה שטענו ממה שכתוב ותיראן המילודת את האלהים איננה טענה כלל, כי את ה' אין כתוב כאן, אלא את האלהים, וכל מי שיש לו אלוה (יהיה אלהי אמת או אלהי שקר) הלא יירא מהכרית עוללים שלא חטאו, יהיו מאיזה עם שיהיו, ודוגמת זה נאמר בעמלק ויזנב בך כל הנחשלים אחריך ואתה עיף ויגע ולא ירא אלהים (דברים כ"ה י"ח);

ותלמידי חביבי החכם ר' יעקב חי פארדו זצ"ל מוסיף שאם היו מעם אחר יצדק לומר שעשו זה מיראת האל ולא מאהבה, אך אם היו עבריות אין צורך להזכיר יראת האל, כי כל אדם אוהב בני עמו.

גם מה שטענו משמות שפרה ופועה אינם מצריים אלא משרשים עבריים, איננה טענה, כי לדעתי המילדות האלה לא היו מצריות ממש, אלא מארץ גושן שהיתה קרובה לארץ כנען (עיין בראשית מ"ו ל"ד), וקרוב שהיו מדברות שפת כנען ושמותן כנעניים ועבריים.

והנה הדבר ברור כי עם רב ועצום לא יתכן שלא תהיין לו אלא שתים מילדות בלבד, על כן ראב"ע (ואחריו ראז'), אומר כי שתים אלה היו שרות על כל המילדות, ור' עובדיה ספורנו אומר כי פרעה דבר תחלה עם המילדות שהיו בעירו, ואחר שהן לא עשו דברו, לא בטח עוד באותן של שאר מקומות; וזה רחוק בעיני, כי ישראל היו בארץ גשן, לא במצרים, ואין לפרש ותמלא הארץ אותם שנתפזרו בכל מצרים, כי גם למטה מצאנו רק בארץ גושן אשר שם בני ישראל לא היה ברד; ואני אומר כי לא רצה פרעה לדבר עם כל המילדות בפעם אחת, שאם היו כלן הורגות ילדי ישראל בזמן אחד, היה הדבר ניכר ומתפרסם, לא כן אם היו שתים מהן הורגות אותם, ולא כן האחרות היו יכולים לומר מקרה הוא, והיה בדעתו לצוות כן לכל המילדות בזו אחר זו לסירוגין כדי שלא יוודע הדבר.

(1) The Hebrew midwives - the understanding of our sages, o blessed memory, and Onkelos, and Rashbam, and Ramban and Ra"z is that those midwives were from the seed of Israel, and the understanding of the Alexandrian translator, and[Eusebius Sophronius] Hieronymos, and Yoseohus Flavius, and Don Itzchak [Abrabanel] is that they were Egyptian, these midvives of the Hebrews. And this is right, since how does it make any sense that [Pharaoh] would order Jewish women to destroy all the children of their own people and believe that they won't reveal such a thing? And [Philiphus] Klericus affirms that if they were not Jewish the text should have read "midwives to the Hebrews". And the Ra"z comes and says that it should read "the midwives that served the Hebrews" - and this has no standing, since the text could have said "the midwives that served the Hebrews" by omitting the word 'et' as it does in (Jer. 31:29) "every man that eats sour grapes". And what is proved by the phrase 'the midwives feared God' is no proof at all, since it is not written here Hashem, rather, E-lohim, and everyone who has a god (a God of truth or a god of falsehood) would fear killing babies that did not sin at all, whatever people they are from. And an example of this is what is said regarding Amalek 'and he attacked you in the rear, and you were tired and exhausted, and he did not fear E-lohim' (Deu. 25:18) and my dear student, R. Yaakov Chay Pardo, may the tzadik's memory bring blessings to us, adds that if they were from another people it made more sense to say they did this out of fear and not of love, since if they were Jewish what need would there be to remind us that they feared God, since all humans love the children of their own people. Also, what they point out that the names Shifra and Puah are not Egyptian, but come from Hebrew roots, this is not relevant, since they would come from the Land of Goshen, that is closer to the land of Israel (see Gen. 46:34), and it is possible that they just spoke a language closer to Hebrew like Cannanite, and so their names would be closer to Hebrew and Cannanite. And another thing that is clear is that for a people that is "many and strong" makes no sense to have only those two midwives, and so Rabbi Ibn Ezra and (and after him the Ra'z) says that those two were the supervisors of the all the midwives; and Rabbi Ovadia Sforno says that Pharaoh talked first to the midwives of his city, and after them not doing his bidding, he did not trust others from other places; and more, this is happening far away from his eyes, since Israel is living in the Land of Goshen and not in Egypt. How else could we explain that the land is full of them, but that "in the land of Goshen, where Israel lived, there was no hail"? And I say that Pharaoh did not want to talk to all the midwives at once, since if all of them would kill all the Israelite babies at one moment, the thing would be known and publicized.And if just two of them were going around killing them - and not all the other midwives, others could say it was an accident, and he thought to order all the midwives in small groups, so that the matter would not be known [if it had worked with those first two].

See article in Torah.com by M. Lavee and S. Strauch-Schick which presents many sources, and offers a possible justification of the avoidance of gentile background.