(טו) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר ה' אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י דַּבֵּ֥ר אֶל־בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל וְיִסָּֽעוּ׃ (טז) וְאַתָּ֞ה הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ֗ וּנְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְךָ֛ עַל־הַיָּ֖ם וּבְקָעֵ֑הוּ וְיָבֹ֧אוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל בְּת֥וֹךְ הַיָּ֖ם בַּיַּבָּשָֽׁה׃
There He made for them a fixed rule, and there He put them to the test. (26) He said, “If you will heed the LORD your God diligently, doing what is upright in His sight, giving ear to His commandments and keeping all His laws, then I will not bring upon you any of the diseases that I brought upon the Egyptians, for I the LORD am your healer.” (27) And they came to Elim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy palm trees; and they encamped there beside the water. (1) Setting out from Elim, the whole Israelite community came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departure from the land of Egypt. (2) In the wilderness, the whole Israelite community grumbled against Moses and Aaron. (3) The Israelites said to them, “If only we had died by the hand of the LORD in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the fleshpots, when we ate our fill of bread! For you have brought us out into this wilderness to starve this whole congregation to death.” (4) And the LORD said to Moses, “I will rain down bread for you from the sky, and the people shall go out and gather each day that day’s portion—that I may thus test them, to see whether they will follow My instructions or not.
(ח) וַיָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק וַיִּלָּ֥חֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בִּרְפִידִֽם׃ (ט) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֤ה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ בְּחַר־לָ֣נוּ אֲנָשִׁ֔ים וְצֵ֖א הִלָּחֵ֣ם בַּעֲמָלֵ֑ק מָחָ֗ר אָנֹכִ֤י נִצָּב֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַגִּבְעָ֔ה וּמַטֵּ֥ה הָאֱלֹקִ֖ים בְּיָדִֽי׃ (י) וַיַּ֣עַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר אָֽמַר־לוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה לְהִלָּחֵ֖ם בַּעֲמָלֵ֑ק וּמֹשֶׁה֙ אַהֲרֹ֣ן וְח֔וּר עָל֖וּ רֹ֥אשׁ הַגִּבְעָֽה׃ (יא) וְהָיָ֗ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר יָרִ֥ים מֹשֶׁ֛ה יָד֖וֹ וְגָבַ֣ר יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְכַאֲשֶׁ֥ר יָנִ֛יחַ יָד֖וֹ וְגָבַ֥ר עֲמָלֵֽק׃ (יב) וִידֵ֤י מֹשֶׁה֙ כְּבֵדִ֔ים וַיִּקְחוּ־אֶ֛בֶן וַיָּשִׂ֥ימוּ תַחְתָּ֖יו וַיֵּ֣שֶׁב עָלֶ֑יהָ וְאַהֲרֹ֨ן וְח֜וּר תָּֽמְכ֣וּ בְיָדָ֗יו מִזֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּמִזֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד וַיְהִ֥י יָדָ֛יו אֱמוּנָ֖ה עַד־בֹּ֥א הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃ (יג) וַיַּחֲלֹ֧שׁ יְהוֹשֻׁ֛עַ אֶת־עֲמָלֵ֥ק וְאֶת־עַמּ֖וֹ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב׃ {פ}
(יד) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר ה' אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה כְּתֹ֨ב זֹ֤את זִכָּרוֹן֙ בַּסֵּ֔פֶר וְשִׂ֖ים בְּאׇזְנֵ֣י יְהוֹשֻׁ֑עַ כִּֽי־מָחֹ֤ה אֶמְחֶה֙ אֶת־זֵ֣כֶר עֲמָלֵ֔ק מִתַּ֖חַת הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ (טו) וַיִּ֥בֶן מֹשֶׁ֖ה מִזְבֵּ֑חַ וַיִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ ה' ׀ נִסִּֽי׃ (טז) וַיֹּ֗אמֶר כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַה' בַּֽעֲמָלֵ֑ק מִדֹּ֖ר דֹּֽר׃ {פ}
(1) From the wilderness of Sin the whole Israelite community continued by stages as the LORD would command. They encamped at Rephidim, and there was no water for the people to drink. (2) The people quarreled with Moses. “Give us water to drink,” they said; and Moses replied to them, “Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you try the LORD?” (3) But the people thirsted there for water; and the people grumbled against Moses and said, “Why did you bring us up from Egypt, to kill us and our children and livestock with thirst?” (4) Moses cried out to the LORD, saying, “What shall I do with this people? Before long they will be stoning me!” (5) Then the LORD said to Moses, “Pass before the people; take with you some of the elders of Israel, and take along the rod with which you struck the Nile, and set out. (6) I will be standing there before you on the rock at Horeb. Strike the rock and water will issue from it, and the people will drink.” And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel. (7) The place was named Massah and Meribah, because the Israelites quarreled and because they tried the LORD, saying, “Is Ad-nai among us or isn't?” (8) Amalek came and fought with Israel at Rephidim. (9) Moses said to Joshua, “Pick some men for us, and go out and do battle with Amalek. Tomorrow I will station myself on the top of the hill, with the rod of God in my hand.” (10) Joshua did as Moses told him and fought with Amalek, while Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill. (11) Then, whenever Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed; but whenever he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. (12) But Moses’ hands grew heavy; so they took a stone and put it under him and he sat on it, while Aaron and Hur, one on each side, supported his hands; thus his hands remained steady until the sun set. (13) And Joshua overwhelmed the people of Amalek with the sword. (14) Then the LORD said to Moses, “Inscribe this in a document as a reminder, and read it aloud to Joshua: I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven!” (15) And Moses built an altar and named it Adonai-nissi. (16) He said, “It means, ‘Hand upon the throne of Y'ah, the LORD will be at war with Amalek from generation to generation.”
as on the day of Massah, in the wilderness, (9) when your fathers put Me to the test,
tried Me, though they had seen My deeds.
"and warred with Israel in Refidim": R. Chaninah said: I asked this of R. Elazar in the Great Metivta. How is "Refidim" to be understood? He answered: as is (i.e., as a place name). R. Chanina said further: I asked R. Elazar: Why are the first-born of donkeys (specifically) to be redeemed, and not those of horses or of camels? It was an exigency of the time, for at that time they had only donkeys, there being no Israelite who did not bring up with him ninety donkeys laden with silver and gold. Others say: "Refidim" is acronymic for "rifyon yadayim" ("weakness of hands"). Because the hands of Israel had weakened in Torah study, the foe came upon them, this transpiring only because of "weakness of hands" in Torah study, viz. (II Chronicles 12:1) "And it was, when the kingship of Rechavam was firmly established, and he grew strong that he abandoned the Torah of the L rd, he and all of Israel with him." What was the punishment for this? (Ibid. 2) "Shishak the king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem … (9) "and he took the treasures of the house of the L rd" (and he returned them to Egypt). And this (i.e., the treasures, etc.) was one of the three things that "returned to their place": the exile of Judah, viz. (Joshua 24:2) "Beyond the river (Euphrates, i.e., in Bavel) did your forefathers dwell," and (Ezra 5:12) "He (Nevuchadnezzar) destroyed this house (the Temple) and exiled the people to Bavel;" the writ of Heaven, (i.e., when Moses broke the tablets, the letters returned to Heaven), viz. (Mishlei 23:5) "If you turn your eyes from it (Torah) it is gone … and flies to Heaven"; the wealth of Egypt (as above).
ויבא עמלק THEN CAME AMALEK — Scripture places this section immediately after this preceding verse to imply, “I am ever among you and ready at hand for every thing you may need, and yet you say, “Is the Lord among us or not?” By your lives, I swear that the hound shall come and bite you, and you will cry for Me and then you will know where I am!” A parable: it may be compared to a man who carried his son upon his shoulder, and went out on a journey. The son saw an article and said, “Father, pick up that thing and give it to me”. He gave it to him, and so a second time and so also a third time. They met a certain man to whom the son said, “Have you seen my father anywhere?” Whereupon his father said to him, “Don’t you know where I am?” — He, therefore, cast him off from himself and a hound came and bit him (Midrash Tanchuma, Yitro 3).
ויבא עמלק, at the sound of the people’s being frustrated with thirst; as it says “you were tired and worn out.” (Deut. 25:18) We find the expression עיף linked to water also in Job 22:7 לא מים עייף תשקה, “You do not give the thirsty water to drink.” (Eliphaz accusing Job) We also find the word applied to earth itself in Isaiah 32:2 בארץ עיפה, “in a languishing land.”
(ו) אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא, מַאי דִּכְתִּיב הֲיֵשׁ ה'' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן. וְכִי טִפְּשִׁין הֲווֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּלָא יַדְעֵי מִלָּה דָּא, וְהָא חָמוּ שְׁכִינְתָּא קָמַיְיהוּ, וַעֲנֵנִי כָּבוֹד עָלַיְיהוּ דְּסַחְרוֹן לוֹן, וְאִינּוּן אָמְרוּ הֲיֵשׁ ה'' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן, גּוּבְרִין דְּחָמוּ זִיו יְקָרָא דְּמַלְכֵּיהוֹן עַל יַמָּא, וְתָנֵינָן, רָאָתָה שִׁפְחָה עַל הַיָּם מַה שֶּׁלֹּא רָאָה יְחֶזְקֵאל, אִינּוּן אִשְׁתְּכָחוּ טִפְּשִׁין, וְאָמְרוּ הֲיֵשׁ ה'' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן.
(ז) אֶלָּא (נשא קכ''ט ע''א) הָכִי קָאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, בָּעוּ לְמִנְדַּע, בֵּין עַתִּיקָא סְתִימָאָה דְּכָל סְתִימִין, דְּאִקְרֵי אַיִן. וּבֵין זְעֵיר אַפִּין דְּאִקְרֵי ה''. וְעַל דָּא, לָא כְּתִיב הֲיֵשׁ ה'' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם לא, כְּמָה דִּכְתִּיב הֲיֵלֶךְ בְּתוֹרָתִי אִם לֹא. אֶלָּא הֲיֵשׁ ה'' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אָיִן.
(ח) אִי הָכִי אֲמַאי אִתְעַנְשׁוּ. אֶלָּא עַל דַּעֲבִידוּ פִּרוּדָא, וַעֲבִידוּ בְּנִסְיוֹנָא, דִּכְתִּיב וְעַל נַסּוֹתָם אֶת ה''. אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, אִי הַאי נִשְׁאַל בְּגַוְונָא חַד. וְאִי הַאי נִשְׁאַל בְּגַוְונָא אַחֲרָא. וְעַל דָּא מִיָּד וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק. (שמות י״ז:ח׳) וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּרְפִידִים. ...
(6) Rabbi Abba said: why is it written "is Ad-nai among us or isn't (Ayin)?" were Israel so stupid that they did not know this thing? Behold, they saw the Shechinah in front of them, the clouds of glory surrounded them, and they said "is Ad-nai among us or isn't (Ayin)?" People who saw the splendor of their King on the sea, and we learn "a handmaid saw at the sea better that Ezekiel" (Mekhilta 15:2:2), were they stupid to say "is there Ad-nai among us or isn't (Ayin)?
(7) Rather, this is what Rabbi Shimeon said: they came to wisdom, [which is] between the oldest secret of all secrets, which is called Ayin, and between Ze'ir Anpin which is called YHV'H. And regarding this: it is not written 'is there Ad-nai among us or not', like it is written 'whether the people will walk on My ways or not', but rather 'is there Ad-nai among us or isn't'?
(8) If so, why were they punished? It was because they served [God] as brittle pebbles, and served through miracles, as it is written 'and they tested Ad-nai' (Ex. 17:7). Israel said: if this [happens] we will ask this way, and if this [happens] we will ask in a different way. And because of this immediately "and Amalek came and warred with Israel in Refidim" (Ex. 17:9). ...
(11) And let us first explain "is there Ad-nai among us, or isn't? And Amalek came." (Exodus 17:7-8) And the famous question is what is the connection between the issues. And it seems to me that it is known what the rabbis said (Sotah 31a) "in all their troubles He is troubled" (Isaiah 63:9) is written and the reading is with an alef [making in all their troubles He was not troubled." And a sage and smart person will pay attention and understand that suffering for a human being is a suffering for the Shechinah, as it is written (Sanhedrin 6:5) "My head hurts, My arm hurts", and so the person will pray over the distress of the Shechinah, and immediately the distress of the human will pass, and this is what [I say] if a person understands that in all their sufferings God suffers, then there is no suffering. This is what the verse says "Isn't it because Ad-nai is not in me that all these evils befell me?" (Deut. 31:17)- if I had paid attention that this is suffering for the Shechinah then Ad-nai would be in me, and then those evils would not have befallen me. And this is easy to understand. And through this we can understand "because they tested, is there Ad-nai among us or isn't?" and then "Amalek came", since once my God is not in me, this event happened to me. And this is easy to understand.
(Ibid. 11) "And it was, when Moses lifted his hand, that Israel prevailed, etc." Now do the hands of Moses strengthen Israel or break Amalek? Rather, whenever Moses lifted his hand heavenward, they gazed at it and affirmed their faith in Him who commanded Moses to do thus, and the Holy One of Blessing wrought for them miracles and mighty acts. Similarly, (Numbers 21:8) "Make for yourself a saraf (a fiery serpent), etc." Now does a snake put to death or bring to life? Rather, whenever he did so, Israel would gaze at it and affirm their faith in the One who commanded Moses to do thus, and the Holy One of Blessing wrought healings for them. Similarly, (Exodus 12:13) "And the blood shall be for you as a sign, etc." Now how can the blood affect an angel or Israel? Rather, when Israel did this and placed the blood on their doors, the Holy One of Blessing pitied them, viz. (Ibid. 23) "And the L rd shall skip over the door." R. Eliezer says: What is the intent of "and Israel prevailed" or "and Amalek prevailed"? Whenever Moses would raise his hands heavenward, Israel strengthened themselves in words of Torah in the future, which were destined to be given by his hands. And whenever he lowered his hands, Israel weakened in words of Torah in the future, which were destined to be given by his hands.
כי יד על כס יה BECAUSE THE HAND IS UPON THE THRONE OF YAH — the hand of the Holy One of Blessing is raised to swear by His throne that He will have war and enmity against Amalek to all eternity. And what is the force of כס — why does it not say as usual כסא? And the Divine Name, also, is divided into half (יה is only the half of the Tetragrammaton)! The Holy One of Blessing swears that His Name will not be perfect nor His throne perfect until the name of Amalek be entirely blotted out. But when his name is blotted out then will (God’s) Name be perfect and (God’s) throne perfect, as it is said, (Psalms 9:7) “The enemy is come to an end, he whose swords were for ever” — and this refers to Amalek of whom it is written, (Amos 1:11) “he kept his wrath for ever”. The verse in the Psalm continues: “and thou didst uproot enemies, their very memorial is perished”, and what does it say immediately after this? (Psalms 9:8) “But the Lord (the Divine Name as given here is the Tetragrammaton) shall now remain for ever” — you see that the Name will be perfect (after Amalek is entirely rooted out as is mentioned in v. 7); “He establishes his throne (כסאו not כס) in righteousness” — so you see that His throne will then be perfect (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 11).
And it appears to me that obviously the fast [of Esther] is also applicable in this time, that Rav Alshich already asked the difficult question: "the war of Ad-nai against Amalek form generation to generation" (Ex. 17:16) - can't God destroy Amalek immediately? etc" And he explained that Amalek is in fact the Yetzer Hara (the evil inclination) and therefore, the war is really in our hands. See there.
“Remember what Amalek did to you, on the way when you were leaving Egypt.” (Devarim, 25:17)
It is written in the Midrash (Tanchuma, Ki Teitsei, 7), “here it says, remember, and with Shabbat it says, remember. We can understand this with a parable. A king prepared a feast. When the tray was brought before him filled with all manner of delicacies, he said, ‘remember this one who loved me.’ Then when the plate was wiped clean, he said, ‘remember that one who hated me.’” In the future, with the eradication of the inclination to evil, then, from the side of man’s nature, lust and desire will not be able to exist in the world as it does now, when the inclination to evil entices man to sin. Therefore, when it overpowers him, then he shall make God’s will as the great victorious one.
This is as the holy Zohar explains the verse (Kohollet, 10:1), “more precious than wisdom or honor is a little foolishness.” So it is with the great rest a man first rests after ceasing from the hard work of servitude. Then when he becomes accustomed to it, he does not feel the taste of the rest as he did at first. Therefore it says “remember,” for he shall remember each time the difficulty of the servitude, and how our inclination to evil overpowered us. From this, new desire will come to us each time, and we will feel the greatness of the rest. This is the meaning of “when the plate was wiped clean,” for all the sins and suffering and controversies that exist among Israel come from the power of Amalek, for he is “chief of the nations.” This is as it is said (Shemot, 17:16), “a war of Hashem with Amalek from generation to generation.” Then when his strength is nullified, when we remember his power our desire will be renewed.