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Save "Yitro ~ Ten Sayings in thought and art"
Yitro ~ Ten Sayings in thought and art
How many and which are they?
(כח) וַֽיְהִי־שָׁ֣ם עִם־יְהֹוָ֗ה אַרְבָּעִ֥ים יוֹם֙ וְאַרְבָּעִ֣ים לַ֔יְלָה לֶ֚חֶם לֹ֣א אָכַ֔ל וּמַ֖יִם לֹ֣א שָׁתָ֑ה וַיִּכְתֹּ֣ב עַל־הַלֻּחֹ֗ת אֵ֚ת דִּבְרֵ֣י הַבְּרִ֔ית עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת הַדְּבָרִֽים׃

(28) And he was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights; he ate no bread and drank no water; and he wrote down on the tablets the terms of the covenant, the Ten Sayings.

(יג) וַיַּגֵּ֨ד לָכֶ֜ם אֶת־בְּרִית֗וֹ אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה אֶתְכֶם֙ לַעֲשׂ֔וֹת עֲשֶׂ֖רֶת הַדְּבָרִ֑ים וַֽיִּכְתְּבֵ֔ם עַל־שְׁנֵ֖י לֻח֥וֹת אֲבָנִֽים׃

(13) He declared to you the covenant that He commanded you to observe, the Ten Sayings; and He inscribed them on two tablets of stone.

(א) בָּעֵ֨ת הַהִ֜וא אָמַ֧ר יְהֹוָ֣ה אֵלַ֗י פְּסׇל־לְךָ֞ שְׁנֵֽי־לוּחֹ֤ת אֲבָנִים֙ כָּרִ֣אשֹׁנִ֔ים וַעֲלֵ֥ה אֵלַ֖י הָהָ֑רָה וְעָשִׂ֥יתָ לְּךָ֖ אֲר֥וֹן עֵֽץ׃ (ב) וְאֶכְתֹּב֙ עַל־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת אֶ֨ת־הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָי֛וּ עַל־הַלֻּחֹ֥ת הָרִאשֹׁנִ֖ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר שִׁבַּ֑רְתָּ וְשַׂמְתָּ֖ם בָּאָרֽוֹן׃ (ג) וָאַ֤עַשׂ אֲרוֹן֙ עֲצֵ֣י שִׁטִּ֔ים וָאֶפְסֹ֛ל שְׁנֵי־לֻחֹ֥ת אֲבָנִ֖ים כָּרִאשֹׁנִ֑ים וָאַ֣עַל הָהָ֔רָה וּשְׁנֵ֥י הַלֻּחֹ֖ת בְּיָדִֽי׃ (ד) וַיִּכְתֹּ֨ב עַֽל־הַלֻּחֹ֜ת כַּמִּכְתָּ֣ב הָרִאשׁ֗וֹן אֵ֚ת עֲשֶׂ֣רֶת הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבֶּר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֲלֵיכֶ֥ם בָּהָ֛ר מִתּ֥וֹךְ הָאֵ֖שׁ בְּי֣וֹם הַקָּהָ֑ל וַיִּתְּנֵ֥ם יְהֹוָ֖ה אֵלָֽי׃ (ה) וָאֵ֗פֶן וָֽאֵרֵד֙ מִן־הָהָ֔ר וָֽאָשִׂם֙ אֶת־הַלֻּחֹ֔ת בָּאָר֖וֹן אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשִׂ֑יתִי וַיִּ֣הְיוּ שָׁ֔ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוַּ֖נִי יְהֹוָֽה׃

(1) Thereupon the LORD said to me, “Carve out two tablets of stone like the first, and come up to Me on the mountain; and make an ark of wood. (2) I will inscribe on the tablets the commandments that were on the first tablets that you smashed, and you shall deposit them in the ark.” (3) I made an ark of acacia wood and carved out two tablets of stone like the first; I took the two tablets with me and went up the mountain. (4) The LORD inscribed on the tablets the same text as on the first, the Ten Sayings that He addressed to you on the mountain out of the fire on the day of the Assembly; and the LORD gave them to me. (5) Then I left and went down from the mountain, and I deposited the tablets in the ark that I had made, where they still are, as the LORD had commanded me.

The Torah tells us in three different places that there are Ten Sayings.

~ Why not "Ten Commandments"?

~ How many tablets? Does the text tell us how many sayings on each tablet?

~ These are just a few of the fifteen texts in Tanach that speak about two tablets. Here is the list: Exodus 31:18; 32:15; 34:1, 4, 29; Deuteronomy 4:13; 5:22; 9, 10, 11, 15, 17; 10:1, 3; 1Kings 8:8; 2Chronicles 5:10.

(א) וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֵ֛ת כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לֵאמֹֽר׃ {ס} (ב) אָֽנֹכִ֖י֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֧ר הוֹצֵאתִ֛יךָ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרַ֖יִם מִבֵּ֣֥ית עֲבָדִ֑͏ֽים׃ (ג) לֹֽ֣א־יִהְיֶ֥͏ֽה־לְךָ֛֩ אֱלֹהִ֥֨ים אֲחֵרִ֖֜ים עַל־פָּנָֽ֗͏ַי׃ (ד) לֹֽ֣א־תַֽעֲשֶׂ֨ה־לְךָ֥֣ פֶ֣֙סֶל֙ ׀ וְכׇל־תְּמוּנָ֔֡ה אֲשֶׁ֤֣ר בַּשָּׁמַ֣֙יִם֙ ׀ מִמַּ֔֡עַל וַֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר֩ בָּאָ֖֨רֶץ מִתָּ֑֜͏ַחַת וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּמַּ֖֣יִם ׀ מִתַּ֥֣חַת לָאָֽ֗רֶץ׃ (ה) לֹֽא־תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֥֣ה לָהֶ֖ם֮ וְלֹ֣א תׇעׇבְדֵ֑ם֒ כִּ֣י אָֽנֹכִ֞י יְהֹוָ֤ה אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ אֵ֣ל קַנָּ֔א פֹּ֠קֵד עֲוֺ֨ן אָבֹ֧ת עַל־בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְעַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים לְשֹׂנְאָֽ֑י׃ (ו) וְעֹ֥֤שֶׂה חֶ֖֙סֶד֙ לַאֲלָפִ֑֔ים לְאֹהֲבַ֖י וּלְשֹׁמְרֵ֥י מִצְוֺתָֽי׃ {ס} (ז) לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֛א אֶת־שֵֽׁם־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ לַשָּׁ֑וְא כִּ֣י לֹ֤א יְנַקֶּה֙ יְהֹוָ֔ה אֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׂ֥א אֶת־שְׁמ֖וֹ לַשָּֽׁוְא׃ {פ}
(ח) זָכ֛וֹר֩ אֶת־י֥֨וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖֜ת לְקַדְּשֽׁ֗וֹ׃ (ט) שֵׁ֤֣שֶׁת יָמִ֣ים֙ תַּֽעֲבֹ֔ד֮ וְעָשִׂ֖֣יתָ כׇּֿל־מְלַאכְתֶּֽךָ֒׃ (י) וְי֨וֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔֜י שַׁבָּ֖֣ת ׀ לַיהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑֗יךָ לֹֽ֣א־תַעֲשֶׂ֣֨ה כׇל־מְלָאכָ֜֡ה אַתָּ֣ה ׀ וּבִנְךָ֣͏ֽ־וּ֠בִתֶּ֗ךָ עַבְדְּךָ֤֨ וַאֲמָֽתְךָ֜֙ וּבְהֶמְתֶּ֔֗ךָ וְגֵרְךָ֖֙ אֲשֶׁ֥֣ר בִּשְׁעָרֶֽ֔יךָ׃ (יא) כִּ֣י שֵֽׁשֶׁת־יָמִים֩ עָשָׂ֨ה יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֶת־הַיָּם֙ וְאֶת־כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֔ם וַיָּ֖נַח בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֑י עַל־כֵּ֗ן בֵּרַ֧ךְ יְהֹוָ֛ה אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת וַֽיְקַדְּשֵֽׁהוּ׃ {ס} (יב) כַּבֵּ֥ד אֶת־אָבִ֖יךָ וְאֶת־אִמֶּ֑ךָ לְמַ֙עַן֙ יַאֲרִכ֣וּן יָמֶ֔יךָ עַ֚ל הָאֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לָֽךְ׃ {ס} (יג) לֹ֥֖א תִּֿרְצָ֖͏ֽח׃ {ס} לֹ֣֖א תִּֿנְאָ֑͏ֽף׃ {ס} לֹ֣֖א תִּֿגְנֹֽ֔ב׃ {ס} לֹֽא־תַעֲנֶ֥ה בְרֵעֲךָ֖ עֵ֥ד שָֽׁקֶר׃ {ס} (יד) לֹ֥א תַחְמֹ֖ד בֵּ֣ית רֵעֶ֑ךָ {ס} לֹֽא־תַחְמֹ֞ד אֵ֣שֶׁת רֵעֶ֗ךָ וְעַבְדּ֤וֹ וַאֲמָתוֹ֙ וְשׁוֹר֣וֹ וַחֲמֹר֔וֹ וְכֹ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְרֵעֶֽךָ׃ {פ}
(טו) וְכׇל־הָעָם֩ רֹאִ֨ים אֶת־הַקּוֹלֹ֜ת וְאֶת־הַלַּפִּידִ֗ם וְאֵת֙ ק֣וֹל הַשֹּׁפָ֔ר וְאֶת־הָהָ֖ר עָשֵׁ֑ן וַיַּ֤רְא הָעָם֙ וַיָּנֻ֔עוּ וַיַּֽעַמְד֖וּ מֵֽרָחֹֽק׃ (טז) וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה דַּבֵּר־אַתָּ֥ה עִמָּ֖נוּ וְנִשְׁמָ֑עָה וְאַל־יְדַבֵּ֥ר עִמָּ֛נוּ אֱלֹהִ֖ים פֶּן־נָמֽוּת׃ (יז) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶל־הָעָם֮ אַל־תִּירָ֒אוּ֒ כִּ֗י לְבַֽעֲבוּר֙ נַסּ֣וֹת אֶתְכֶ֔ם בָּ֖א הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וּבַעֲב֗וּר תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛וֹ עַל־פְּנֵיכֶ֖ם לְבִלְתִּ֥י תֶחֱטָֽאוּ׃
(1) God spoke all these words, saying: (2) I the LORD am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the house of bondage: (3) You shall have no other gods besides Me. (4) You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image, or any likeness of what is in the heavens above, or on the earth below, or in the waters under the earth. (5) You shall not bow down to them or serve them. For I the LORD your God am an impassioned God, visiting the guilt of the parents upon the children, upon the third and upon the fourth generations of those who reject Me, (6) but showing kindness to the thousandth generation of those who love Me and keep My commandments. (7) You shall not swear falsely by-b the name of the LORD your God; for the LORD will not clear one who swears falsely by His name. (8) Remember the sabbath day and keep it holy. (9) Six days you shall labor and do all your work, (10) but the seventh day is a sabbath of the LORD your God: you shall not do any work—you, your son or daughter, your male or female slave, or your cattle, or the stranger who is within your settlements. (11) For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth and sea, and all that is in them, and He rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it. (12) Honor your father and your mother, that you may long endure on the land that the LORD your God is assigning to you. (13) You shall not murder.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
(14) You shall not covet your neighbor’s house: you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female slave, or his ox or his ass, or anything that is your neighbor’s. (15) All the people witnessed the thunder and lightning, the blare of the horn and the mountain smoking; and when the people saw it, they fell back and stood at a distance. (16) “You speak to us,” they said to Moses, “and we will obey; but let not God speak to us, lest we die.” (17) Moses answered the people, “Be not afraid; for God has come only in order to test you, and in order that the fear of Him may be ever with you, so that you do not go astray.”

~ Find ten sayings. Defend your choices.

~ Can you find more than ten? Can you find less?

(ו) וַיִּכְתֹּב עַל הַלֻּחֹת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָרִאשׁוֹנִים וְהָאַחֲרוֹנִים הָיוּ שָׁוִים, עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִבְּרוֹת, כֵּיצַד הָיוּ עֲשׂוּיִין, חָמֵשׁ עַל לוּחַ זֶה, וְחָמֵשׁ עַל לוּחַ זֶה, כְּדִבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר עֶשֶׂר עַל לוּחַ זֶה וְעֶשֶׂר עַל לוּחַ זֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כט): וַיְהִי בְּרֶדֶת משֶׁה מֵהַר סִינַי, וְהַכְּתוּבִים הֵם טוֹעֲנִים אוֹתָן, וְהָיוּ נִרְאִין כְּאִלּוּ הֵם בְּיַד משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כט): וּשְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת בְּיַד משֶׁה. וּמשֶׁה לֹא יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו, וּמֵהֵיכָן נָטַל משֶׁה קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי מִן הַמְּעָרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לג, כב): וְהָיָה בַּעֲבֹר כְּבוֹדִי. רַבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה הַכֹּהֵן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר הַלּוּחוֹת הָיָה אָרְכָּן שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְרָחְבָּן שִׁשָּׁה וְהָיָה משֶׁה אוֹחֵז בְּטִפְחַיִם, וְהַשְּׁכִינָה בְּטִפְחַיִם, וְטִפְחַיִם בָּאֶמְצַע, וּמִשָּׁם נָטַל משֶׁה קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁהָיָה כּוֹתֵב בַּקּוּלְמוֹס נִשְׁתַּיֵּיר קִמְעָא, וְהֶעֱבִירוֹ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וּמִמֶּנּוּ נַעֲשׂוּ לוֹ קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּמשֶׁה לֹא יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו.

(6) And He wrote on the tablets (Ex. 34:28) - teaches us that the first [tablets] and the last were the same. Ten sayings, how were they done? Five on this tablet and five on this tablets, as the words of Rabbi Yehudah. And Rabbi Nechemia says: ten on this tablet and ten on this tablet, as it says "and as Moshe was descending from Har Sinai", and the writings they require them [two copies]. And they looked like they were in Moshe's hand, as it is written "two tablets of witnessing in the hand of Moshe" (Ex. 34:29). "And Moshe did not know that rays illuminated the skin of his face" - and from where did Moshe get rays of splendor? The rabbis say: from the cave, as it says (Ex. 33:22) "and it will be, when My honor passes". Rabbi Berachiah Hakohen says, in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: the tablets were six handbreadths in height and six handbreadths in length, and Moshe was holding them on two handbreadths, and the Shechinah by two handbreadths, and there was one handbreath in the middle, and from there Moshe got the rays of splendor. Rabbi Yehudah Bar Nachman says, in the name of Rabbi Shimeon Ben Lakish: [Moshe] was writing with a reed that had a bit left over, and he passed it on his head, and from that reed the rays of splendor were made, as it is written "And Moshe did not know that rays illuminated the skin of his face."

~ Focus on the underlined. How were the possibilities for the tablets, as presented in this midrash?

~ What are the formats?

~ What is the distribution of the sayings?

~ Does the midrash deal with which saying comes first?

Table from: DeRouchie, J.S. - Counting the Ten an Investigation on the Numbering of the Decalogue, p. 96 in: For Our Good Always Studies on the Message and Influence of Deuteronomy in Honor of Daniel I. Block, edited by Jason S. DeRouchie, Jason Gile, and Kenneth J. Turner, Eisenbrauns, 2013 pp. 93-125

לא תרצח לא תנאף לא תגנב אמר, הנה צויתיך להודות שאני בורא את הכל בלב ובמעשה, ולכבד האבות בעבור שהם משתתפים ביצירה, אם כן השמר פן תחבל מעשה ידי ותשפוך דם האדם אשר בראתי לכבודי ולהודות לי בכל אלה, ולא תנאף אשת רעך, כי תחבל ענין כבוד האבות לכפור באמת ולהודות בשקר, כי לא ידעו את אביהם ויתנו כבודם לאחר, כאשר יעשו עובדי ע''ז אומרים לעץ אבי אתה (ירמיה ב כז), ולא ידעו אביהם שבראם מאין ואחר כן הזהיר לא תגנוב נפש, כי הוא כמו כן גורם כזאת ...

והנה עשרת הדברות חמשה בכבוד הבורא וחמשה לטובת האדם, כי כבד את אביך כבוד האל, כי לכבוד הבורא צוה לכבד האב המשתתף ביצירה, ונשארו חמשה לאדם בצרכו וטובתו:...
והנראה במכתב הלוחות שהיו החמש ראשונות בלוח אחד שהם כבוד הבורא כמו שהזכרתי, והחמש השניות בלוח אחד, שיהיו חמש כנגד חמש, כענין שהזכירו בספר יצירה (א ג) בעשר ספירות בלי מה כמספר עשר אצבעות, חמש כנגד חמש, וברית יחיד מכוונת באמצע ומזה יתברר לך למה היו שתים, כי עד כבד את אביך הוא כנגד תורה שבכתב, ומכאן ואילך כנגד תורה שבעל פה ונראה שלזה רמזו רבותינו ז''ל שאמרו (תנחומא עקב י) שתי לוחות כנגד שמים וארץ וכנגד חתן וכלה וכנגד שני שושבינין וכנגד שני עולמים. וכל זה רמז אחד, והמשכיל יבין הסוד:

THOU SHALT NOT MURDER. THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY. THOU SHALT NOT STEAL. He is stating: “Now I have commanded you to acknowledge in thought and in deed that I am the Creator of all, and to honor parents because they joined [Me] in your formation. If so, guard against destroying the work of My hands and spilling the blood of man, whom I have created to honor Me and acknowledge Me in all these matters. And do not commit adultery with your fellow-man’s wife, because you will thereby destroy the principle of honoring parents, [causing the children] to deny the truth and acknowledge falsehood. They will not know their fathers and will thus give their honor to another, just as the idol-worshippers do, who say to a block of wood, ‘thou art my father,’ (Jeremiah 2:27) and they do not know their Father who created them out of nothing.” After that, He warned against stealing a human being, for that too brings about a similar [disintegration of values].....
Thus, of the Ten Sayings, there are five which refer to the glory of the Creator and five are for the welfare of man, for [the fifth commandment], Honor thy father, is for the glory of G-d, since it is for the glory of the Creator that He commanded that one honor one’s father who is a partner in the formation of the child. Five commandments thus remain for the needs and welfare of man....
With reference to the writing on the Tablets of law, it would appear that the first five were on one Tablet, for they are for the glory of the Creator, as I have mentioned, and the second five commandments were on another Tablet. Thus there were five opposite five, something like the Rabbis mentioned in the Book of Creation: “With ten emanations, intangible, as is the number of ten fingers, five opposite five, and the Covenant of the Unity placed directly in the middle.” From this it will be made clear to you why there were two Tablets, for up to Honor thy father, it corresponds to the Written Torah, and from there on it corresponds to the Oral Torah. It would appear that it is this that our Rabbis, of blessed memory, have alluded to in saying that the two Tablets correspond to heaven and earth, to a groom and bride, to the two friends [of the groom and bride], and to the two worlds [this world and the World to Come]. All these constitute one allusion, and the person learned in the mystic lore of the Cabala will understand the secret.

~ How does the Ramban envision the tablets?

~ How does he separate the Sayings?

~ What are the meanings he attributes to the tablets?

The Alphabet used
אמר מר זוטרא ואיתימא מר עוקבא בתחלה ניתנה תורה לישראל בכתב עברי ולשון הקודש חזרה וניתנה להם בימי עזרא בכתב אשורית ולשון ארמי ביררו להן לישראל כתב אשורית ולשון הקודש והניחו להדיוטות כתב עברית ולשון ארמי מאן הדיוטות אמר רב חסדא כותאי מאי כתב עברית אמר רב חסדא כתב ליבונאה תניא רבי יוסי אומר ראוי היה עזרא שתינתן תורה על ידו לישראל אילמלא (לא) קדמו משה במשה הוא אומר (שמות יט, ג) ומשה עלה אל האלהים בעזרא הוא אומר (עזרא ז, ו) הוא עזרא עלה מבבל מה עלייה האמור כאן תורה אף עלייה האמור להלן תורה במשה הוא אומר (דברים ד, יד) ואותי צוה ה' בעת ההיא ללמד אתכם חקים ומשפטים בעזרא הוא אומר (עזרא ז, י) כי עזרא הכין לבבו לדרוש את תורת ה' (אלהיו) ולעשות וללמד בישראל חוק ומשפט ואף על פי שלא ניתנה תורה על ידו נשתנה על ידו הכתב שנאמר (עזרא ד, ז) וכתב הנשתוון כתוב ארמית ומתורגם ארמית וכתיב (דניאל ה, ח) לא כהלין כתבא למיקרא ופשרא להודעא למלכא וכתיב (דברים יז, יח) וכתב את משנה התורה הזאת כתב הראוי להשתנות למה נקרא אשורית שעלה עמהם מאשור תניא רבי אומר בתחלה בכתב זה ניתנה תורה לישראל כיון שחטאו נהפך להן לרועץ כיון שחזרו בהן החזירו להם שנאמר (זכריה ט, יב) שובו לביצרון אסירי התקוה גם היום מגיד משנה אשיב לך למה נקרא שמה אשורית שמאושרת בכתב רשב"א אומר משום ר' אליעזר בן פרטא שאמר משום רבי אלעזר המודעי כתב זה לא נשתנה כל עיקר שנאמר (שמות כז, י) ווי העמודים מה עמודים לא נשתנו אף ווים לא נשתנו ואומר (אסתר ח, ט) ואל היהודים ככתבם וכלשונם מה לשונם לא נשתנה אף כתבם לא נשתנה
§ Mar Zutra says, and some say that it is Mar Ukva who says: Initially, the Torah was given to the Jewish people in Ivrit script, the original form of the written language, and the sacred tongue, Hebrew. It was given to them again in the days of Ezra in Ashurit script and the Aramaic tongue. The Jewish people selected Ashurit script and the sacred tongue for the Torah scroll and left Ivrit script and the Aramaic tongue for the commoners. The Gemara asks: Who are these commoners? Rav Ḥisda said: The Samaritans [Kutim]. The Gemara asks: What is Ivrit script? Rav Ḥisda says: Libona’a script. It is taught in a baraita (Tosefta 4:5): Rabbi Yosei says: Ezra was suitable, given his greatness, for the Torah to be given by him to the Jewish people, had Moses not come first and received the Torah already. With regard to Moses the verse states: “And Moses went up to God” (Exodus 19:3), and with regard to Ezra the verse states: “This Ezra went up from Babylon and he was a ready scribe in the Torah of Moses, which the Lord, the God of Israel, had given” (Ezra 7:6). Just as the going up stated here, with regard to Moses, is for the Torah, which he received from God and transmitted to the Jewish people, so too, the going up stated there, with regard to Ezra, is for the Torah, as he taught Torah to the Jewish people and was suitable to have originally merited to give it. The baraita continues: With regard to Moses the verse states: “And the Lord commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and ordinances” (Deuteronomy 4:14), and with regard to Ezra the verse states: “For Ezra had set his heart to seek the Torah of the Lord his God and to do it and to teach in Israel statutes and ordinances” (Ezra 7:10). And even though the Torah was not given literally by him, the script of the Torah was changed by him, as it is stated: “And the writing of the letter [hannishtevan] was written in the Aramaic script, and set forth in the Aramaic tongue” (Ezra 4:7). The term “hannishtevan” is similar to the word nishtana, meaning changed, alluding to the fact that the script had been changed. And it is written with regard to the writing on the wall of Belshazzar’s palace: “Then came in all the king’s wise men. But they could not read the writing, nor make known to the king the interpretation” (Daniel 5:8), and the reason they could not read it is that it was written in the new script that Ezra would transmit. And it is written: “That he shall write for himself a second [mishne] Torah” (Deuteronomy 17:18), where “second [mishne]” teaches that it is written in a script that is apt to be changed [lehishtannot]. The baraita continues: Why is this script called Ashurit? Because it ascended with the Jewish people from Ashur when they returned from their exile in Babylonia. It is taught in a baraita (Tosefta 4:5): Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: Initially, the Torah was given to the Jewish people in this script, Ashurit, which is in use today. Once the Jewish people sinned, it turned into an impairment for them and they began writing with a different script, Libona’a. Once they repented, the first script was returned to them, and they resumed writing with Ashurit script, as it is stated: “Return to the stronghold, you prisoners of hope; even today do I declare that I will render double [mishne] unto you” (Zechariah 9:12), meaning that God restored to the Jewish people this script that had been changed [nishtanna]. The baraita continues: If this script predates the exile to Babylonia, why is it called Ashurit? Because it is meusheret, beautiful and straight, in script. The baraita continues: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer ben Perata, who said in the name of Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i: This script did not change at all, as it is stated with regard to the construction of the Tabernacle: “The hooks of [vavei] the poles” (Exodus 27:10). This teaches that just as the poles were not changed, so too, the hooks [vavim] were not changed. The letter vav in Ashurit script has the shape of a hook. Evidently, this is why the term for hook in the Torah is vav. And the verse states: “And to the Jews according to their script and according to their language” (Esther 8:9). This teaches that just as their language was not changed over the generations but remained Hebrew, so too, their script was not changed.
(טו) וַיִּ֜פֶן וַיֵּ֤רֶד מֹשֶׁה֙ מִן־הָהָ֔ר וּשְׁנֵ֛י לֻחֹ֥ת הָעֵדֻ֖ת בְּיָד֑וֹ לֻחֹ֗ת כְּתֻבִים֙ מִשְּׁנֵ֣י עֶבְרֵיהֶ֔ם מִזֶּ֥ה וּמִזֶּ֖ה הֵ֥ם כְּתֻבִֽים׃ (טז) וְהַ֨לֻּחֹ֔ת מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה אֱלֹהִ֖ים הֵ֑מָּה וְהַמִּכְתָּ֗ב מִכְתַּ֤ב אֱלֹהִים֙ ה֔וּא חָר֖וּת עַל־הַלֻּחֹֽת׃
(15) Thereupon Moses turned and went down from the mountain bearing the two tablets of the Pact, tablets inscribed on both their surfaces: they were inscribed on the one side and on the other. (16) The tablets were God’s work, and the writing was God’s writing, incised upon the tablets.

~ How do the tablets look like? What are their special features?

In England, on 1218 during the reign of Henry III (11 years old at the time) he passed a law that Jews had to wear a special badge. This was the first time that Jews were forced to wear distinguishable symbol. The symbol chosen was the tablets:

From Tolan, John - The First Imposition of a Badge on European Jews: The English Royal Mandate of 1218 in: The Character of Christian-Muslim Encounter, Chapter 10, pp. 145–166, first pages available at: https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004297210/B9789004297210_012.xml

This caricature is the earliest dated portrait of a Jew, and shows marked Jewish traits. The Jew wears a cowl, a sign that he had no outdoor work to perform and that he belonged to the professional classes; on his upper garments is fixed the English form of a Jewish badge, which was in the shape of the two tables of the Law.

The name given to a portrait or caricature of an English Jew of the year 1277, drawn on a forest-roll of the county of Essex, in connection with a number of fines imposed on some Jews and Christians who pursued a doe that had escaped from the hounds near the city of Colchester. This was an offense against the forest laws of the time, and a fine had to be paid by a Jew who had evaded arrest and who, when he returned, was probably the subject of the caricature.

Illustration is from the margin of the manuscript ‘The Rochester Chronicle’, created in 1355 by the monk Edmund of Haddenham. It illustrates the expulsion of the Jews from England.

~ The question for us in this class: were the tablets in the arched shape, and why? That is not a given, see below:

This is a sculpture by Michelangelo called "Moses".

~ What features do you see?

~ Where are the tablets? How do they look like?

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, born on March 6, 1475, Caprese Michelangelo, Italy and died on February 18, 1564, Rome, Italy.

מֵיתִיבִי אָרוֹן שֶׁעָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה אַמָּתַיִם וָחֵצִי אׇרְכּוֹ וְאַמָּה וָחֵצִי רׇחְבּוֹ וְאַמָּה וָחֵצִי קוֹמָתוֹ בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְהַלּוּחוֹת אׇרְכָּן שִׁשָּׁה וְרׇחְבָּן שִׁשָּׁה וְעׇבְיָין שְׁלֹשָׁה מוּנָּחוֹת כְּנֶגֶד אׇרְכּוֹ שֶׁל אָרוֹן כַּמָּה לוּחוֹת אוֹכְלוֹת בָּאָרוֹן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר טְפָחִים נִשְׁתַּיְּירוּ שָׁם שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים צֵא מֵהֶן טֶפַח חֶצְיוֹ לְכוֹתֶל זֶה וְחֶצְיוֹ לְכוֹתֶל זֶה נִשְׁתַּיְּירוּ שָׁם שְׁנֵי טְפָחִים שֶׁבָּהֶן סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה מוּנָּח
The Gemara raises an objection to what is taught with regard to the length of a Torah scroll from a baraita: With regard to the Ark of the Covenant that Moses fashioned, its length was two and one-half cubits, its width was one and one-half cubits, and its height was one and one-half cubits (see Exodus 25:10), the cubit used for these measurements being six handbreadths. Therefore, the Ark was fifteen handbreadths long, nine handbreadths wide, and nine handbreadths high. The baraita continues: And as for the tablets, their length was six handbreadths, their width was six handbreadths, and their thickness was three handbreadths. The tablets were placed along the length of the Ark, one next to the other. If so, how much space did the tablets occupy along the length of the Ark? Twelve handbreadths, as each tablet was six handbreadths long. Three handbreadths were left there along the length of the Ark, for a total of fifteen handbreadths. Deduct a handbreadth from them: One-half a handbreadth for this wall, namely, the thickness of the wooden Ark itself, and one-half a handbreadth for the other wall. Accordingly, two handbreadths were left there, in which the Torah scroll written by Moses lay.

6 x 6 x 3 - the tablets here are square.

Tefach = handbreadth = between 3.15 and 4.2 inches

The idea probably came from German diptychs, which were hinged devotional pictures of biblical scenes and saints:

The panel is believed to be from the Trinity College Church in Edinburgh, which was demolished in 1848. It survived because it was displayed in Edinburgh prisons for the next 150 years. Now located in the Museum of Scotland.

Old logo of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, used up to May 2015.

https://www.lubavitch.com/in-time-for-shavuot-israels-chief-rabbinate-revises-tablet-logo/

Moshe and horns

(כט) וַיְהִ֗י בְּרֶ֤דֶת מֹשֶׁה֙ מֵהַ֣ר סִינַ֔י וּשְׁנֵ֨י לֻחֹ֤ת הָֽעֵדֻת֙ בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּרִדְתּ֖וֹ מִן־הָהָ֑ר וּמֹשֶׁ֣ה לֹֽא־יָדַ֗ע כִּ֥י קָרַ֛ן ע֥וֹר פָּנָ֖יו בְּדַבְּר֥וֹ אִתּֽוֹ׃ (ל) וַיַּ֨רְא אַהֲרֹ֜ן וְכׇל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֔ה וְהִנֵּ֥ה קָרַ֖ן ע֣וֹר פָּנָ֑יו וַיִּֽירְא֖וּ מִגֶּ֥שֶׁת אֵלָֽיו׃ (לא) וַיִּקְרָ֤א אֲלֵהֶם֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה וַיָּשֻׁ֧בוּ אֵלָ֛יו אַהֲרֹ֥ן וְכׇל־הַנְּשִׂאִ֖ים בָּעֵדָ֑ה וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר מֹשֶׁ֖ה אֲלֵהֶֽם׃ (לב) וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֥ן נִגְּשׁ֖וּ כׇּל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיְצַוֵּ֕ם אֵת֩ כׇּל־אֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֧ר יְהֹוָ֛ה אִתּ֖וֹ בְּהַ֥ר סִינָֽי׃ (לג) וַיְכַ֣ל מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִדַּבֵּ֖ר אִתָּ֑ם וַיִּתֵּ֥ן עַל־פָּנָ֖יו מַסְוֶֽה׃ (לד) וּבְבֹ֨א מֹשֶׁ֜ה לִפְנֵ֤י יְהֹוָה֙ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אִתּ֔וֹ יָסִ֥יר אֶת־הַמַּסְוֶ֖ה עַד־צֵאת֑וֹ וְיָצָ֗א וְדִבֶּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְצֻוֶּֽה׃ (לה) וְרָא֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֶת־פְּנֵ֣י מֹשֶׁ֔ה כִּ֣י קָרַ֔ן ע֖וֹר פְּנֵ֣י מֹשֶׁ֑ה וְהֵשִׁ֨יב מֹשֶׁ֤ה אֶת־הַמַּסְוֶה֙ עַל־פָּנָ֔יו עַד־בֹּא֖וֹ לְדַבֵּ֥ר אִתּֽוֹ׃ {ס}
(29) So Moses came down from Mount Sinai. And as Moses came down from the mountain bearing the two tablets of the Pact, Moses was not aware that the skin of his face was radiant, since he had spoken with Him. (30) Aaron and all the Israelites saw that the skin of Moses’ face was radiant; and they shrank from coming near him. (31) But Moses called to them, and Aaron and all the chieftains in the assembly returned to him, and Moses spoke to them. (32) Afterward all the Israelites came near, and he instructed them concerning all that the LORD had imparted to him on Mount Sinai. (33) And when Moses had finished speaking with them, he put a veil over his face. (34) Whenever Moses went in before the LORD to speak with Him, he would leave the veil off until he came out; and when he came out and told the Israelites what he had been commanded, (35) the Israelites would see how radiant the skin of Moses’ face was. Moses would then put the veil back over his face until he went in to speak with Him.

וַיִּכְתֹּב עַל הַלֻּחֹת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָרִאשׁוֹנִים וְהָאַחֲרוֹנִים הָיוּ שָׁוִים, עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִבְּרוֹת, כֵּיצַד הָיוּ עֲשׂוּיִין, חָמֵשׁ עַל לוּחַ זֶה, וְחָמֵשׁ עַל לוּחַ זֶה, כְּדִבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר עֶשֶׂר עַל לוּחַ זֶה וְעֶשֶׂר עַל לוּחַ זֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כט): וַיְהִי בְּרֶדֶת משֶׁה מֵהַר סִינַי, וְהַכְּתוּבִים הֵם טוֹעֲנִים אוֹתָן, וְהָיוּ נִרְאִין כְּאִלּוּ הֵם בְּיַד משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כט): וּשְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת בְּיַד משֶׁה. וּמשֶׁה לֹא יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו, וּמֵהֵיכָן נָטַל משֶׁה קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי מִן הַמְּעָרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לג, כב): וְהָיָה בַּעֲבֹר כְּבוֹדִי. רַבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה הַכֹּהֵן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר הַלּוּחוֹת הָיָה אָרְכָּן שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְרָחְבָּן שִׁשָּׁה וְהָיָה משֶׁה אוֹחֵז בְּטִפְחַיִם, וְהַשְּׁכִינָה בְּטִפְחַיִם, וְטִפְחַיִם בָּאֶמְצַע, וּמִשָּׁם נָטַל משֶׁה קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁהָיָה כּוֹתֵב בַּקּוּלְמוֹס נִשְׁתַּיֵּיר קִמְעָא, וְהֶעֱבִירוֹ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וּמִמֶּנּוּ נַעֲשׂוּ לוֹ קַרְנֵי הַהוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וּמשֶׁה לֹא יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו.

And He wrote on the tablets (Ex. 34:28) - teaches us that the first [tablets] and the last were the same. Ten sayings, how were they done? Five on this tablet and five on this tablets, as the words of Rabbi Yehudah. And Rabbi Nechemia says: ten on this tablet and ten on this tablet, as it says "and as Moshe was descending from Har Sinai", and the writings they require them [two copies]. And they looked like they were in Moshe's hand, as it is written "two tablets of witnessing in the hand of Moshe" (Ex. 34:29). "And Moshe did not know that rays illuminated the skin of his face" - and from where did Moshe get rays of splendor? The rabbis say: from the cave, as it says (Ex. 33:22) "and it will be, when My honor passes". Rabbi Berachiah Hakohen says, in the name of Rabbi Shmuel: the tablets were six handbreadths in height and six handbreadths in length, and Moshe was holding them on two handbreadths, and the Shechinah by two handbreadths, and there was one handbreath in the middle, and from there Moshe got the rays of splendor. Rabbi Yehudah Bar Nachman says, in the name of Rabbi Shimeon Ben Lakish: [Moshe] was writing with a reed that had a bit left over, and he passed it on his head, and from that reed the rays of splendor were made, as it is written "And Moshe did not know that rays illuminated the skin of his face."

~ Focus on the underlined. What are the possibilities raise for the rays? Is there any possibility of them being anything but rays?

The Hebrew word used to mean either “radiant” or “shining” is qaran. It shares the same root (qrn) of the word used for “horns,” qeren. In fact, in modern Hebrew, the word used to refer to a ray of sunshine is qeren, as if speaking of “the sun’s horns.”

The Vulgate, (from the Latin editio vulgata: “common version”), Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church, was primarily translated by St. Jerome. In 382 Pope Damasus commissioned Jerome, the leading biblical scholar of his day to produce one official version of the Bible in Latin. In the Vulgate, Jerome described Moses’ face as cornuta, “horned,” instead of “radiant.” The Septuagint —the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible— refers to the face of Moses as being “glorified” instead —a translation that seems to be way closer to the original Hebrew “radiant.”

[see: https://aleteia.org/2021/08/23/the-reason-why-michelangelos-moses-has-horns/]

Bury Manuscript, Illumination, 1135, by "Master Hugo", now at the Parker Library at Corpus Christi College in Cambridge.

This is a page from a compendium of Church doctrine, dated to c. 1295, entitled La Somme le Roy; it was compiled by the Dominican Frère Laurent for the benefit of Philip III of France. The page shown here comes from the finest copy, illuminated by MaiÆtre Honoré, a leading French Gothic painter.

Moses with Horns in the Chapel at New College, Oxford. 1350

Andrea de Bonaiuto (1333-1392), Moses. Afresco (detail)

Moses, the ten plagues and the ten commandments. 1465-1480. Anonymous, located at The British Museum. Note the ten tablets on the front of Moshe's tunic.

See: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1872-0608-340

~ These two different paintings are by the same author, Philippe de Champagne. Born on May 26, 1602, in Brussels, Belgium; he died on August 12, 1674, in Paris, France. He is the major exponent of the French Baroque school.

The first painting is called "Law"

The second painting is called "Moses presenting the Ten Commandments" and was done in 1648.

This is a composition by two painters, Robert Nanteuil and Gérard Edelinck, and is called Moses Presenting the Tablets of the Law. Both the painting and the engraving were done in 1699, based on Chapaigne's work above.

Moses statue at Piazza di Spagna, at the base of the Colonna dell’Immacolata, Rome

So if you look once more at the Moshe by Rembrandt you will see that his face appears lit up and there are no proper horns just some bright tufts of the hair.

He seems to follow the Rabbinic interpretation? How come?

Rabbi Manasseh ben Israel lived around the corner and historians have postulated that they were acquaintances. Manoel Dias Soeiro (1604 – November 20, 1657), better known by his Hebrew name Menasseh ben Israel (מנשה בן ישראל) was a Portuguese rabbi, kabbalist, writer, diplomat, printer and publisher, founder of the first Hebrew printing press (named Emeth Meerets Titsma`h) in Amsterdam in 1626.

One of his sefarim is Piedra Gloriosa - with four engraved etchings by his acquaintance Rembrandt, who is also thought by some to have painted his portrait.

How Rembrandt was influenced by different religious ideas is discussed in a scholarly work entitled Beyond the Yellow Badge. Anti-Judaism and Antisemitism in Medieval and Early Modern Visual Culture.This consists of a collection of academic articles on various topics. The one that interests us is called - Between Calvinists and Jews - The Ten Commandments in Rembrandt’s Art and the Portuguese Synagogue by Shalom Sabar - Hebrew University of Jerusalem

"Once Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam in 1632, his use of Hebrew inscriptions changed dramatically. From the beginning of this period he lived in the vicinity of the Jewish neighbourhood, and in 1639 he settled on Breestraat, known today as Jodenbreestraat, where he acquired the large house that became the centre of his artistic activity until his insolvency in 1656. Living on the Jewish street, in close proximity to the community’s rabbis, intellectuals, and the leading Sephardi families
(e.g., Pinto, Belmonte, and Rodrigues), exerted a crucial influenceon Rembrandt’s use of Hebrew script, and in the course of years his approach became more original and meaningful. It is not surprising that he would turn to his neighbours for help when he wished to amplify biblical characters and stories by the usage of Hebrew script.

Rembrandt’s use of Hebrew culminated and found its most sophisticated artistic expression in his painting of 1659, Moses Holding the Tablets of the Law.

That his guide or collaborators were Jews becomes evident by the way some of the letters are written—for example, the final bet of לא תגנב (“You shall not steal”) is considerably dilated in order to create an even left margin, exactly as a traditional Jewish scribe would do. A further connection with Jewish culture arises from the suggestion that the unusual way Moses holds the tablets above his head was influenced by the artist’s visit to the synagogue, where he could see the customary Jewish ceremony of hagba (raising of the Torah scroll) done in a like manner.

Obviously the artist made a great effort to make the letters clear, sharp and legible even from a distance. At the same time, the second tablet covers most of the first, and thus only the ends of the lines in the first group of commandments are actually visible. The exact text of the commandments on the first, partly eclipsed tablet can be deciphered by evidence provided by an earlier painting Rembrandt’s Hannah and Samuel at the Temple, dated circa 1650.

Therefore, the inscriptions on the first (right) tablet in Hannah allows the reconstruction of the missing parts in Moses, thereby providing the full version of the Ten Commandments as they must have crystallised in Rembrandt’s workshop.

A problematic issue is how the ten were actually divided on the biblical tablets.
Jewish and Christian theologians who coped with this issue offered, according to their respective beliefs and religious inclinations, several methods of dividing the text. Three major systems of division and enumeration developed over the ages:
The traditional rabbinic division, in which “I am the Lord your God” is the first commandment, while “You shall have no other gods . . . You shall not make graven image . . . You shall not bow
down to them . . .,” together make the second. In this tradition the rabbis explained that each tablet contained the same number of commandments, namely five.

The division of St. Augustine, in which “I am the Lord . . . You shall have no other gods . . . sculptured image . . ... bow down to them” constitute the first commandment (Ex. 20:2–6); while the second begins with “You shall not take in vain the name of the Lord your God” (20:7). In order to maintain a total of ten, Augustine suggested that the commandment, “You shall not covet,” be divided into two: “your neighbour’s house” (as the ninth) and “your neighbour’s wife . . .” (as the tenth). On the first tablet, according to this method, appear three commandments, while on the second (starting with “Remember the Sabbath”), seven. St. Augustine’s method has been accepted by the Roman Catholics.

John Calvin’s method deviates from the other two. Calvin claimed that the assertion “I am the Lord . . .” is not a commandment but rather a “preface to the whole law.” This distinction actually harks back to Hellenistic-Jewish authors, notably Josephus and Philo, whose writings were highly valued by the Church Fathers of later generations. Calvin, therefore, defined the first commandment as “You shall have no other gods . . .”; the second is the commandment concerning graven images, while the two parts of “You shall not covet” constitute the tenth. In Calvin’s enumeration, then, there are four commandments on the first tablet (“other gods” through “Remember the Sabbath”), and six on the second.

Rembrandt’s Moses does not follow any of the three systems. It is closer to the rabbinical division, since it opens with “I am the Lord” and contains five commandments on the second tablet. On the other hand, the aforementioned separation of “other gods” and “graven images” into two commandments does not follow the rabbinic system but rather Calvin’s.

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