Save "Is Cleanliness Next to Godliness?

Interpreting the Ki'or, the Copper Laver

 
"
Is Cleanliness Next to Godliness? Interpreting the Ki'or, the Copper Laver
(יז) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃ (יח) וְעָשִׂ֜יתָ כִּיּ֥וֹר נְחֹ֛שֶׁת וְכַנּ֥וֹ נְחֹ֖שֶׁת לְרׇחְצָ֑ה וְנָתַתָּ֣ אֹת֗וֹ בֵּֽין־אֹ֤הֶל מוֹעֵד֙ וּבֵ֣ין הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חַ וְנָתַתָּ֥ שָׁ֖מָּה מָֽיִם׃ (יט) וְרָחֲצ֛וּ אַהֲרֹ֥ן וּבָנָ֖יו מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֶת־יְדֵיהֶ֖ם וְאֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶֽם׃ (כ) בְּבֹאָ֞ם אֶל־אֹ֧הֶל מוֹעֵ֛ד יִרְחֲצוּ־מַ֖יִם וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ א֣וֹ בְגִשְׁתָּ֤ם אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֙חַ֙ לְשָׁרֵ֔ת לְהַקְטִ֥יר אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַֽיהֹוָֽה׃ (כא) וְרָחֲצ֛וּ יְדֵיהֶ֥ם וְרַגְלֵיהֶ֖ם וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ וְהָיְתָ֨ה לָהֶ֧ם חׇק־עוֹלָ֛ם ל֥וֹ וּלְזַרְע֖וֹ לְדֹרֹתָֽם׃ {פ}
(17) יהוה spoke to Moses, saying: (18) Make a laver of copper and a stand of copper for it, for washing; and place it between the Tent of Meeting and the altar. Put water in it, (19) and let Aaron and his sons wash their hands and feet [in water drawn] from it. (20) When they enter the Tent of Meeting they shall wash with water, that they may not die; or when they approach the altar to serve, to turn into smoke an offering by fire to יהוה, (21) they shall wash their hands and feet, that they may not die. It shall be a law for all time for them—for him and his offspring—throughout the ages.

Ovadiah ben Ya'akov Seforno (d. 1475) was an Italian rabbi, Biblical commentator, philosopher, halachic authority, and physician who wrote commentaries on a good portion of the Tanach. After an early period of wandering, he settled in Bologna, where he founded a yeshiva. Seforno was admired for his wide knowledge by Henry II, King of France, to whom he sent a Latin translation he prepared of his philosophical work, Or Amim. (From Sefaria)

In his comment to this passage he addresses why the Ki'or was not included in the earlier description of the Mishkan and its vessels.

(א) ועשית כיור גם זה הכלי לא הוזכר למעלה עם שאר הכלים, כי לא היתה הכונה בו להשכין שכינה במקדש כענין הכונה באותם הכלים כמבואר למעלה, אבל היתה הכוונה להכין את הכהנים לעבודתם:

(1) ועשית כיור, this is another vessel which has not been mentioned before with the other vessels that were part of the Tabernacle. The reason is that the basin was not instrumental in attracting the presence of the Shechinah to the Tabernacle. Its function was merely preparatory to the priests’ service in the Tabernacle.

Nahum Sarna (JPS Commentary) suggests two reasons why it was listed separately:

it was not needed for the consecration of the Kohanim; they required full immersion (in a body of water) and not just washing of the hands/feet;

the Ki'or was constructed from mirrors donated by the women (Exodus 38:8):

וַיַּ֗עַשׂ אֵ֚ת הַכִּיּ֣וֹר נְחֹ֔שֶׁת וְאֵ֖ת כַּנּ֣וֹ נְחֹ֑שֶׁת בְּמַרְאֹת֙ הַצֹּ֣בְאֹ֔ת אֲשֶׁ֣ר צָֽבְא֔וּ פֶּ֖תַח אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃


(8) He made the laver of copper and its stand of copper, from the mirrors of the women who performed tasks at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting.

It was not derived from the communal collection of materials from which the Mishkan was constructed.

(א) ורחצו אהרן ובניו וגו' הרחיצה הזו דרך כבוד שלמעלה, כי כל הקרב לשולחן המלכים לשרת וליגע בפת בג המלך וביין משתיו רוחץ ידיו בעבור היות הידים עסקניות. והוסיף כאן לרחוץ הרגלים בעבור היות הכהנים משרתים יחפים ויש בני אדם שיש ברגליהם זוהמא וכיעור:

על דרך האמת, בעבור היות ראש האדם וסופו הידים והרגלים, כי הידים למעלה מכל גופו בהגביהו אותן, והרגלים למטה, והם בצורת האדם רמז לעשר הספירות שיהיה כל גופו ביניהם, וכמו שאמרו בספר יצירה (פרק ו) כרת לו ברית בין עשר אצבעות ידיו ובין עשר אצבעות רגליו במלת הלשון ובמלת המעור, לפיכך נצטוו משרתי עליון לרחוץ הידים והרגלים והרחיצה הזאת לקדושה תרגם אותה אונקלוס (תרגום אונקלוס על שמות ל׳:י״ט),

ומן הענין הזה תקנו רבותינו נטילת ידים לתפלה, שיתכוין לזה, כטעם נשיאות כפים. והרחיצה היא המצוה, אבל הכיור צוה בו להזמנה ואיננו מעכב (זבחים כא:) ולא מצוה, כי ביום הכיפורים כהן גדול מקדש ידיו ורגליו מקיתון של זהב שהיו עושין לכבודו (יומא מג:), אבל למדנו מן הכיור כי צריכה כלי:

(1) AND AARON AND HIS SONS SHALL WASH THEIR HANDS AND THEIR FEET THEREAT. This washing was out of reverence for Him Who is on high, for whoever approaches the King’s table to serve, or to touch the portion of the king’s food, and of the wine which he drinks, washes his hands, because “hands are busy” [touching unclean things automatically]. In addition He prescribed here the washing of feet because the priests performed the Service barefooted, and there are some people who have impurities and dirt on their feet.


By way of the Truth, [the mystic teachings of the Cabala], these parts of the body had to be washed because the extremities of the person’s body are his hands and feet, for when the hands are upraised they are higher than the rest of the body, and the feet are the lowest point. They allude in the human form to the Ten Emanations, with the whole body between them, just as the Rabbis have said in Sefer Yetzirah: “He made a covenant with him [i.e., Abraham] between the ten fingers of his hands and the ten fingers of his feet, with the protrusive part of the tongue and with the protrusive part of the nakedness.” Therefore the ministers of the One on High were commanded to wash their hands and feet, this washing being for the sake of holiness, as Onkelos translated here, l’rochtzah (to wash): l’kidush (to sanctify).

It is on the basis of the idea of this commandment that our Rabbis have instituted the washing of hands before prayer, in order that one should direct one’s thoughts to this matter, just as in the uplifting of hands by the priests when blessing the people.
It is the washing which is the essence of the commandment, but He commanded [the making of] the laver only in order that the water should be ready in it. Thus the absence of the laver does not invalidate the washing, neither is there any duty [to do the washing specifically from the laver]; thus on the Day of Atonement the High Priest washed his hands and feet from a golden jug which they made in his honor. However, what we do learn from the laver [that the Torah mentions], is that the washing [of the hands and feet by the priests] must be performed from a vessel.

(ב) משרשי המצוה. היסוד הקבוע שאמרנו להגדיל כבוד הבית וכל המלאכות הנעשות שם, על כן ראוי לנקות הידים שהן העושות במלאכה בכל עת יגעו הכהנים בעניני הבית. ומזה השרש אמרו זכרונם לברכה (זבחים יט ב) שאין הכהן צריך לקדש ידיו בין עבודה לעבודה אלא פעם אחת בבקר, ועובד כל היום וכל הלילה, והוא שלא יישן ולא יטיל מים ולא יסיח דעתו.

נראה מכל זה שאין הכונה ברחיצה מתחלה אלא להגדלת כבוד הבית שאפילו היה טהור ונקי בתחלת באו שם צריך לרחץ. ומשהתחיל בעבודה, אין צריך עוד לרחיצה בין עבודה לעבודה זולתי ביום הכפורים לרב חמרו של יום, לפי שכל עסק עבודת הבית אנו מחזיקין ורואין בלבנו טהור, נקי וקדוש.

(2) From the roots of the commandment is the fixed foundation that we have said [that it is] to aggrandize the glory of the [Temple] and all of the [activities] that are done there. And therefore it is fitting to clean the hands, which are the [things] that are involved in the work at all times when the priests are touching the contents of the [Temple]. And from this root, they, may their memory be blessed, said (Zevachim 19b) that the priest does not need to sanctify his hands between one service and [another] service, but rather once during the morning, and he may [then] serve the whole day and the whole night - and that is when he does not sleep and does not urinate and does not remove his mind.

It appears from all of this that the intention of the washing at the beginning is only for the aggrandizement of the glory of the [Temple], since even if he was pure and clean from the beginning of his arrival there, he [still] needs to wash. And once he has started the service, he does not need to wash again between one service and [another] service, except for on Yom Kippur, due to the stringency of the day. [This is all] since we hold and see in our hearts all of the business of the service of the [Temple] as pure, clean and holy.

(ו) וגם הרשב"א בתשובה (סימן קצ"א) כתב... "לא מצאתי דבר ברור שיצטרך ליטול ידיו שחרית...

ואם תשאל מאי שנא תפילת שחרית ממנחה וערבית, יש לומר לפי שבשחר נעשים כבריה חדשה, דכתיב: "חדשים לבקרים…". ולפיכך אנו צריכין להתקדש בקדושתו, וליטול ידינו מן הכלי ככהן שמקדש ידיו מן הכיור…"

The function of the washing:

Seforno: a preparatory, functional act to shift (from secular) to religious service;

Ramban: 1) to remove impurities from "busy hands" prior to using them in God's service;

2) hands/feet represent the totality of the Kohen who, in Kabbalistic fashion, desires to sanctify himself in order to serve God; the washing elevates him and enables him to render this service;

Hinukh: The grandeur of the Holy Temple warrants washing even if one is pure and clean; the Kohen washes out of respect for the place in which he serves;

Rashba: The morning washing of the hands upon awakening acknowledges the new beginning, the creation of life/self each day; we therefore recite a blessing and wash our hands as the Kohen did in the Mishkan, to initiate a new period of service of God with holiness and purity.

(א) מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְקַדֵּשׁ כֹּהֵן הָעוֹבֵד יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַעֲבֹד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל יט) "וְרָחֲצוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ אֶת יְדֵיהֶם וְאֶת רַגְלֵיהֶם". וְכֹהֵן שֶׁעָבַד וְלֹא קִדֵּשׁ יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו שַׁחֲרִית חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל כ) "יִרְחֲצוּ מַיִם וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ". וַעֲבוֹדָתוֹ פְּסוּלָה בֵּין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל בֵּין כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט:.....

(י) מִצְוָה לְקַדֵּשׁ מִמֵּי הַכִּיּוֹר וְאִם קִדֵּשׁ מֵאֶחָד מִכְּלֵי הַשָּׁרֵת הֲרֵי זֶה כָּשֵׁר. אֲבָל כְּלֵי הַחל אֵינָם מְקַדְּשִׁין. קִדֵּשׁ בִּכְלִי שָׁרֵת בַּחוּץ אוֹ בִּכְלִי חֹל בִּפְנִים וְעָבַד עֲבוֹדָתוֹ פְּסוּלָה. וְאֵין מְקַדְּשִׁין בְּתוֹךְ הַכִּיּוֹר אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ כְּלֵי הַשָּׁרֵת אֶלָּא מֵהֶן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ל יט) "וְרָחֲצוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ" וְלֹא בְּתוֹכוֹ. וְאִם קִדֵּשׁ בְּתוֹכוֹ וְעָבַד לֹא חִלֵּל:

(1) It is a positive commandment for the serving priest to sanctify his hands and legs, and [only] then should he serve, as it says (Exodus 30:19) "And Aaron and his sons washed their hands and legs." And the priest who served in the morning without sanctifying his hands and legs is liable for death by Heaven, as it says (Exodus 30:20) "They shall wash with water and shall not die." And his service is invalid, whether he is the High Priest or a regular priest.