Two sequences in the Haggadah do not entail the retelling of the Exodus.
Outline of the Seder prior to the Meal:
Kiddush
Karpas - a vegetable snack dipped in liquid or sauce
Matza - breaking, lifting and explaining
4 Questions
4 Sons
"In the beginning our ancestors were idol worshippers...."
V'hi she-amdah - recited over wine cup, standing; cover matzot
Midrash
Three central elements of Seder, according to R.Gamliel
Partial Hallel
Rituals prior to the Meal - matza, maror, haroset, etc.
Outline of the Seder, the Meal and after:
The Meal
Afikoman
Birkat ha-Mazon
Third Cup
Sh'fokh Hamat'kha - "Pour our Your fury on the nations that do not know You...." - at open door and, according to some, over the fourth cup of wine
Conclusion of Hallel (starting with Lo Lanu, "Not to us....")
Concluding prayers (various customs regarding order)
Fourth Cup
Hasal sidur Pesach
Hymns and songs
מוזגים כוס [_ל אליהו] ופותחים את הדלת:
שְׁפֹךְ חֲמָתְךָ אֶל־הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר לֹא יְדָעוּךָ וְעַל־מַמְלָכוֹת אֲשֶׁר בְּשִׁמְךָ לֹא קָרָאוּ.
כִּי אָכַל אֶת־יַעֲקֹב וְאֶת־נָוֵהוּ הֵשַׁמּוּ.
שְׁפָךְ־עֲלֵיהֶם זַעֲמֶךָ וַחֲרוֹן אַפְּךָ יַשִּׂיגֵם.
תִּרְדֹף בְּאַף וְתַשְׁמִידֵם מִתַּחַת שְׁמֵי ה'.
We pour the cup [of Eliyahu] and open the door.
[Some pour the cup AFTER these verses.]
Pour your wrath upon the nations that did not know You and upon the kingdoms that did not call upon Your Name! Since they have consumed Ya'akov and laid waste his habitation (Psalms 79:6-7).
Pour out Your fury upon them and the fierceness of Your anger shall reach them (Psalms 69:25)!
You shall pursue them with anger and eradicate them from under the skies of the Lord (Lamentations 3:66).
The sources connect these verses with the fourth cup of wine.
Rav Amram Gaon (d.875 CE) in his Seder states: "We pour the fourth cup and declare...." Some recited verses before pouring the wine.
The Jerusalem Talmud debates the significance of the four cups.+
משנה: עֶרֶב פְּסָחִים סָמוּךְ לַמִּנְחָה לֹא יֹאכַל אָדָם עַד שֶׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ. וַאֲפִילוּ עָנִי שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא יֹאכַל עַד שֶׁיָּסֵב. וְלֹא יִפְחֲתוּ לוֹ מֵאַרְבָּעָה כוֹסוֹת שֶׁל יַיִן וַאֲפִילוּ מִן הַתַּמְחוּי׃ הלכה:....
מְנַיִין לְאַרְבָּעָה כוֹסוֹת?
רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי בְנָייָה. כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבַּע גְּאוּלוֹת. לָכֵ֞ן אֱמֹ֥ר לִבְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֘ אֲנִ֣י יְי וְהֽוֹצֵאתִ֣י אֶתְכֶ֗ם וגו׳. וְלָֽקַחְתִּ֨י אֶתְכֶ֥ם לִי֙ לְעָ֔ם וגו׳. וְהֽוֹצֵאתִ֣י. וְהִצַּלְתִּ֥י. וְגָֽאַלְתִּ֤י. וְלָֽקַחְתִּ֨י.
רִבִּי יְהֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר. כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבַּע כּוֹסוֹת שֶׁלְּפַּרְעֹה. וְכ֥וֹס פַּרְעֹ֖ה בְּיָדִ֑י. וָֽאֶשְׂחַ֤ט אֹתָם֙ אֶל־כּ֣וֹס פַּרְעֹ֔ה. וָֽאֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת־הַכּ֖וֹס עַל־כַּ֥ף פַּרְעֹֽה׃ וְנָֽתַתָּ֤ כוֹס־פַּרְעֹה֙ בְּיָד֔וֹ.
רִבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר. כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבַּע מַלְכִיּוֹת.
וְרַבָּנִן אָֽמְרֵי. כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבָּעָה כוֹסוֹת שֶׁלְפּוּרְעָנוּת שֶׁהקְּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עָתִיד לְהַשְׁקוֹת אֶת אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם. כִּ֣י כֹה֩ אָמַ֨ר יְי אֱלֹהֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֵלַ֔י קַ֠ח אֶת־כּ֨וֹס הַיַּ֧יִן הַֽחֵימָה וגו׳. כּֽוֹס־זָהָ֤ב בָּבֶל֙ בְּיַד־יְי. כִּ֤י כ֪וֹס בְּֽיַד־יְי. יַמְטֵ֥ר עַל־רְשָׁעִ֗ים פַּ֫חִ֥ים אֵ֣שׁ וְ֭גָפְרִית וְר֥וּחַ זִ֝לְעָפ֗וֹת מְנָ֣ת כּוֹסָֽם׃
MISHNAH: In the afternoon of Passover Eve close to the time of afternoon prayers one should not eat until it gets dark. And even the poorest person in Israel should not eat until he lies on a couch. One shall not give him less than four cups of wine, even from the communal tray. HALAKHAH:....
From where the Four Cups?
Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi Benaiah: Corresponding to the four deliveries: Therefore, say to the Children of Israel, I am the Eternal, and I shall take you out, etc. And I shall take you as My people, etc. I shall take you, I shall save you, I shall free you, I shall take you.
Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said, corresponding to the four cups of Pharao: The cup of Pharao was in my hand; I took the grapes and squeezed them into Pharao ’s cup, and gave the cup in Pharao ’s hand. You will give the cup in the hand of Pharao.
Rebbi Levi said, corresponding to the four kingdoms.
But our teachers say, corresponding to the four cups of doom that the Holy One, praise to Him, will make the Gentiles drink at the end of days. Truly, so said the Eternal, the God of Israel, to me: take this cup of the wine of wrath. The golden cup of Babylon is in the hand of the Eternal. Truly a cup is in the hand of the Eternal, intoxicating wine, fully to be mixed; He shall sprinkle from it but its dregs shall be drunk, squeezed to the last, by all the wicked of the earth. He shall let coals rain on the wicked; fire, sulphur, and burning wind is the portion of their cup.
Sh'fokh Hamat'kha - Various traditions regarding verses recited after the meal and prior to the resumption of Hallel (source: R. Menahem Kasher, Haggadah Sh'leimah):
Mahzor Roma: 1 verse (Sh'fokh)
Sefardim and Yemenite: 2 verses (So Rav Amram Gaon.)
Ashkenazic: 4 verses
Southern France: 10 verses
Northern France: 12 verses
England: 17 verses
Why do we recite these verses and why at this point in the Seder"
French Haggadah: "I don't know why we recite this verse at this point...."
Darmstadt Haggadah: to contrast the decimation of the Gentiles, but Lo Lanu - "Not to us," as in the Hallel psalm recited immediately after.
Orhot Hayim: (First cites Rav Aharon Ha-Levi, below) "Some give another interpretation. Since we have performed many Mitzvot - Kiddush, the blessing on the Karpas, Matza, Maror - with these Mitzvot we have (come to) know God, May He be blessed, and we are called (identified with Him) in His Name. Therefore we open with this verse (The subsequent Psalm of the Hallel, "Not to us....")
Rav Aharon Ha-Levid. (c.1290;Spain): at the fourth cup of wine, we contrast the Four Cups drunk by the Jews with the four cups of destruction to be drunk by the Gentiles at the End of Time.
(א) הסדר השני
(יז) והטעם שנהגו לומ' בתחלה פסוק שפוך חמתך אל הגוים אשר לא וגומ' מפני שארבע כוסות אלו הם כנגד ארבע כוסות של פורעניות שעתיד הב"ה להשקות את אומות הועלם כמו שאמרנו למעלה.
ואנו אומרים על כוס רביעי לפני הב"ה בזה הכוס אנו משלימין המצוה מעתה עשה מה שהבטחתנו לשפוך אותם ד' כוסות של פורעניות על הגוים.
(א) ואחר ששתו הכוס השלישי נוהגין לומר "שפוך חמתך…", ולפתוח הדלת כדי לזכור שהוא ליל שמורים. ובזכות אמונה זו יבוא משיח, וישפוך חמתו על הבבליים שחרבו בית המקדש.
ועל כי קודם ביאת המשיח יבוא אליהו, כדכתיב: "הנה אנכי שולח לכם את אליהו הנביא לפני…". ולכן המנהג להעמיד עוד כוס באמצע השולחן, וקורין אותו "כוסו של אליהו".
ויש שהיו נוהגים לעמוד מהסיבה ולאמר "ברוך הבא". והכל לחיזוק האמונה, כי כך אנו מקובלים שבניסן נגאלו – ובניסן עתידין לגאל, כדאיתא בפרק קמא דראש השנה (יא א). ולכן בעת גמר הסדר קודם אמירת "לא לנו… כי לשמך תן כבוד" – אנו מתעוררים שיתן כבוד לשמו הגדול יתברך.
(ב) ומוזגין כוס רביעי, ומתחיל "לא לנו", וגומר את ההלל.
Two Haggadah sequences do not entail Retelling the Exodus: "V'hi she-amdah" and "Sh'fokh."
V'hi references our faith in the ultimate redemption of Israel, either to a period in the near future - i.e., in "our" time (Arukh ha-Shulkhan) - or at the End of Days (Shibbolei ha-Leket).
Sh'fokh focuses on the present or the near-present, in that it is a petition for God's retribution to those "Who Knew Him Not." It is a theological statement of hope for the ultimate reign of justice and reflects the threatened or unstable status of Jews in many countries throughout history (hence the variety of verses which were cited, probably after the Crusades). It is not an Exodus passage. It couples with V'hi as an intrusion in to the Seder. Since Pesach was as period of protection by God for His people, it was the right moment for Jews to petition for the retribution of the Gentiles.