This material was prepared by Rabbi Yonatan Neril, Dr. Akiva Wolff, and Evonne Marzouk of Canfei Nesharim, as part of the Jewcology project.
This source sheet was created in collaboration with Canfei Nesharim, Jewcology, Jewish Nature and the ROI Community.
The Sefaria Source Sheet was collated and edited by Rachel Kelman, a 2022 summer inchworm.
Outline of Sources
I. Three Scriptural Bases for Not Damaging Others
II. Damages Related to Water
III.Damages Related to Smell and Smoke
IV. Contemporary Rabbinic Views
I. Three Scriptural Bases for Not Damaging Others
...דאסיר למגרם מידי דאתי מיניה היזקא לאינשי, אי משום לפני עור לא תתן מכשול ואי משום ואהבת לרעך כמוך...
translation by Y. Neril
"...it is forbidden to cause something that from it brings damage to people, whether because of [the commandment] 'Do not put a stumbling block in front of the blind,' or whether because [of the commandment] 'Love your neighbor [as yourself]'
רש"ר הירש ויקרא פרשת קדשים פרק יט פסוק יד
ואילו פסוק זה מזהיר בשני מאמרים שלא להזיק אדם בכלל - במשמעותו הרחבה של מושג זה ... ולפני עור לא תתן מכשל . עלינו להיות זהירים במעשינו ובדברינו - לבל יסכנו את שלום ריענו מבחינה חומרית או מוסרית. לא רק סומא מבחינה גופנית קרוי עוור א; -לא כל מי שנתעוור מבחינה רוחנית או מוסרית, כל מי שנסתנוור מחמת תאווה - אף הוא בכלל עוור... עלינו להיות זהירים בכל התחום הגדול של שלומו החומרי והמוסרי של ריענו. נקדיש לו את מלוא זהירותנו ותבונתנו - לבל יעשה מעשים באשמתנו, שיינזק בהם מבחינה חומרית או מוסרית :
ויראת מא- להיך אני ה . ' נדע, שלא שופט בשר ודם יביאנו במשפט על כל א- לה א; -לא נראה עצמנו עומדים מול פני ה', שעיניו משוטטות בכל. מתוך שכבודו מלא עולם, נשגיח על עצמנו, ונהיה זהירים לדקדק במעשינו.
Rabbi Samphson Rafael Hirsch, commentary to Leviticus 19:14, in The Pentateuch: vol. 1: Genesis,
Rendered into English by Isaac Levy from the original German, Judaica Press, Gateshead, England, 1989, p. 516-517
Now we get to two sentences warning us against doing any injury at all to others, in the widest application of the word injury...’And before a blind man you shall not place a stumbling block.’ This is a sentence of the most far-reaching import. It warns against carelessness in word or deed through which the material or spiritual well-being of our fellow man could in any way be endangered. By 'blind person' is understood not only the actual blind, but also those who are, in any way, spiritually or morally blind, dazzled by passion or ignorance.... Thus the whole great sphere of the material and spiritual happiness of our neighbor is entrusted to our care. Our care and consideration must be exercised for the benefit of our neighbor to prevent his coming into any material or moral harm through our means.
But you shall fear your God, I am Hashem. And in all these matters, we are not to feel ourselves under the judgment of our fellowmen, to be before a human tribunal, but to be placed under the Eye of God, the All- seeing One Whose constant presence teaches us the most conscientious watch over ourselves and self- criticism of all our behavior.
רש"ר הירש ויקרא פרשת קדשים פרק יט פסוק יח
ואהבת לרעך כמוך אני ה׳. זה כלל מסכם לכל התנהגותנו החברתית - בדיעות, במלים ובמעשים ...
ידוע מאמרו של הלל: "דעלך סני לחברך לא תעביד"..."השנוי עליך א-ל תעשה לחברך": הרי כאן שוויון גמור לכל - כעיקרון מנחה לכל פעולותינו; על - פי זה נדרוש את שלום רענו כשלומנו; נהפוך אנוכיות ואהבה עצמית לאהבת ריע ולשמירת כבודו; נלמד לאהוב ולכבד כל נברא בשוויון גמור עמנו. אכן מושג "חברך" במשמעותו הרחבה כולל כל נברא, ולא רק כל אדם; ובמשמעות רחבה זו הרי כאן באמת תמצית כל התורה. שהרי זו כל כוונת התורה: היא מרחיקה אותנו מכל "סני": מכל המתנגד באיבה לשלומנו ולשלום כל נברא שבחברתנו.
Rabbi Samphson Rafael Hirsch, commentary to Leviticus 19:18, in The Pentateuch: vol. 1: Genesis
Love your neighbor's well-being as if it were your own; I am God, is the summarizing final maxim for the whole of our social behavior, in feelings, word, and deed.
Hillel’s interpretation of this as: “That which is hateful to you don’t do to someone else” imposes complete equality of all as the guiding principle of all of our deeds, makes everyone take to heart the weal and woe of everybody else, changes selfishness...into consideration and love of one’s neighbor. The concept of “your neighbor” extends the ideas beyond the narrow confines of your fellow men to the idea of fellow creatures, so that in fact this sentence does contain the contents of the whole Torah, which indeed is nothing else, but the teaching of avoiding everything which is contrary and hateful to the happiness and well-being of
ourselves and to that of the fellow creatures who enjoy existence down here in this world.
Translated by CN team, YEAR.
And all her paths, peaceful.
Rabbi Samphson Raphael Hirsch, commentary to Proverbs 3:17
Even the paths of our own individual endeavors are shaped and guided by the spirit of the G-d given Torah towards fulfillment, without causing offense or danger to others, and with the preservation of both our outer and inner peace.
Discussion Questions:
- What Torah teachings are considered the Scriptural basis for avoiding damages to others?
- According to these sources, what is our responsibility to other people? Why?
- Can you think of any other sources in the Torah that point to the same values?
II. Damages Related to Water
(א) לֹא יַחְפֹּר אָדָם בּוֹר סָמוּךְ לְבוֹרוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ, וְלֹא שִׁיחַ, וְלֹא מְעָרָה, וְלֹא אַמַּת הַמַּיִם, וְלֹא נִבְרֶכֶת כּוֹבְסִין, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִרְחִיק מִכֹּתֶל חֲבֵרוֹ שְׁלשָׁה טְפָחִים, וְסָד בְּסִיד...
(1) A person may not dig a pit close to the pit of another, in order to avoid damaging the latter’s pit. And similarly, one may not dig a ditch, nor a cave, i.e., a covered pit, nor a water channel, nor a launderer’s pond, which is a pit used for washing clothes, unless he distanced all of these three handbreadths from the wall of another and he plasters lime on the place where there is water...
(כא) יש מי שאומר שלא אמרו דבהרחקת ששה טפחים בין בור לבור סגי אלא בארץ הרים אבל במקום דרפיא ארעייהו צריך להרחיק יותר לפיכך צריך להרחיק בית הכסא מבור חבירו עד שיכירו בני אדם שאינו עובר מלחות בית הכסא לבור ולרווחא דמלתא ירחיק חמשים אמה: הגה ויש מי שחולקין על זה (מרדכי פ"ק דב"מ ופ' לא יחפור) וכל מקום שמזיק צריך להרחיק עצמו אפילו היה רשות הרבים מפסיק בין הבתים כגון שתי חצרות בשני צדי רשות הרבים אפילו הכי צריך להרחיק (ב"י בשם הרשב"א):
A person must distance his outhouse from his neighbor's drinking well so that it is clear that the liquid from the outhouse is not reaching the well. Rama [wrote] (Rabbi Moshe Isserlin): And some authorities disagree and maintain that one must distance one's outhouse as far as necessary to avoid damage, even if the public road separates the two houses.
Translated by CN team, YEAR.
Discussion Questions:
- Under what circumstances is a person allowed to build a cistern, outhouse, or other water-utilizing structure?
- How do these rules affect the overall water resources available to the community?
- How do these rules limit a person’s actions and constrain personal or economic benefit? Do you think this is appropriate?
III. Damages Related to Smell and Smoke
(ט) מַרְחִיקִין אֶת הַנְּבֵלוֹת וְאֶת הַקְּבָרוֹת וְאֶת הַבֻּרְסְקִי מִן הָעִיר חֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה...
(9) One must distance animal carcasses, and graves, and a tannery [haburseki], a place where hides are processed, fifty cubits from the city...
(ג) הֵחֵלּוּ מַעֲלִין בְּגִזְרִין לְסַדֵּר אֵשׁ הַמַּעֲרָכָה. וְכִי כָל הָעֵצִים כְּשֵׁרִים לַמַּעֲרָכָה. הֵן, כָּל הָעֵצִים כְּשֵׁרִין לַמַּעֲרָכָה, חוּץ מִשֶּׁל זַיִת וְשֶׁל גֶּפֶן. אֲבָל בְּאֵלּוּ רְגִילִין, בְּמֻרְבִּיּוֹת שֶׁל תְּאֵנָה וְשֶׁל אֱגוֹז וְשֶׁל עֵץ שָׁמֶן:
(3) After the ashes were cleared to the middle of the altar, the priests began raising logs onto the altar in order to assemble the arrangement of wood on which the offerings were burned. The tanna asks: And is wood from all the trees fit for the arrangement? The tanna replies: Wood from all the trees is fit for the arrangement, except for wood from the vine and from the olive tree, but the priests were accustomed to assemble the arrangement with wood from these trees: With young branches of the fig tree, of the nut tree, and of pinewood.
translation by Yonatan Neril
What is the reason? Is it not because they are ash producing? It is that they make too much smoke.
עשרה דברים נאמרו בירושלים...ואין עושין בה כבשונות משום קוטרא
§ The mishna teaches that one may not raise chickens in Jerusalem. The Gemara cites a baraita that contains a list of other halakhot that are unique to Jerusalem. Ten matters were stated with regard to Jerusalem...And one may not build kilns in Jerusalem. The reason is due to the unsightly smoke produced by kilns. The Sages sought to preserve the beauty of Jerusalem and the Temple.
רש"י מסכת בבא קמא דף פב עמוד ב
קוטרא - עשן שמשחיר את החומה וגנאי הוא
Rashi to Tractate Bava Kama, p. 82b, translation by Yonatan Neril
'Kutra'—smoke which blackens walls, which is an ugly thing.
(א) מִי שֶׁעָשָׂה גֹּרֶן בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ. אוֹ קָבַע בֵּית הַכִּסֵּא. אוֹ מְלָאכָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ אָבָק וְעָפָר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. צָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעַ הֶעָפָר אוֹ רֵיחַ בֵּית הַכִּסֵּא אוֹ הָאָבָק לַחֲבֵרוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַזִּיקוֹ. אֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה הָרוּחַ הוּא שֶׁמְּסַיֵּעַ אוֹתוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מְלַאכְתּוֹ וּמוֹלִיכָה אֶת הֶעָפָר אוֹ נְעֹרֶת הַפִּשְׁתָּן וְהַמּוֹץ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן וּמַגִּיעָתָן לַחֲבֵרוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב לְהַרְחִיק כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעוּ וְלֹא יַזִּיקוּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל יְדֵי הָרוּחַ מְצוּיָה שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ כְּמִי שֶׁהִזִּיקוּ בְּחִצָּיו הֵן:
translation by R' Yonatan Neril
Anyone who has made a threshing-floor in their area, or set up a bathroom, or any work which involves dust, ash, or such things, must distance [those enterprises] so that the ash or smell of the bathroom or dust will not reach their fellow, in order not to damage them...
(לו) במה דברים אמורים בשאר נזקים חוץ מארבע שהם העשן וריח בית הכסא ואבק וכיוצא בו ונדנוד הקרקע שכל אחד מאלו אין לו חזקה ואפילו שתק כמה שנים הרי זה חוזר וכופהו להרחיק:
translation by Dr. Akiva Wolff
...All four of these damages [smoke, bad odors, dust [particulates] and groundshaking] are exempt from hazaka.1
Even if a neighbor tolerated them for a number of years, he can always change his mind and force the owner [of the source of these damages] to distance them from him.
Discussion Questions:
- According to these texts, what types of restrictions were put in place to prevent damages from smell and smoke?
- How does Jewish tradition rank the importance of aesthetic quality (whether something is beautiful or smells nice) as compared to health? Do you agree with this ranking?
- How could this apply to modern challenges related to environmental damage?
IV. Contemporary Rabbinic View on Damages to Neighbors
ריב''ש (רב יצחק בר ששת , ) סימן קצ''ו
...אין לו להציל היזק עצמו בהיזק חברו .
Rivash (Rabbi Yizhak bar Sheshet), Responsum 196, translation by Dr. Akiva Wolff
One may not save their own property from damage at the expense of their fellow’s damage.
הרב עזרא בצרי, דיני ממנות , חלק ב', עמ' שעו, הערה 9
והנה דין זה (של הרחקת נזיקין) לצערנו הרב מזלזלים בו והרבה אנשים נגרם להם נזק כידוע, ואפילו קצור ימים, ה' יצילנו, כידוע מפי הבקיאים בזה, ויש להתריע על כך. ובפרט העוסקים בצרכי ציבור, שעליהם מוטלת האחריות בדבר ואין לעבור על כך בשתיקה. בפרט מפעלים חדשים יש לבדוק היטב מה מידת הנזק העלול להגרם לציבור ולא לאשר הקמת מפעל עד שיתקיים בו כהלכה דין הרחקת הנזק, והקמת מתקנים לקליטת הפסולת שלא תזיק לסביבה
Rabbi Ezra Batzri, Monetary Laws, section 2, page 376, note 9, translation by Dr. Akiva Wolff
And behold, this law [of distancing damages], to our great sorrow is disregarded and many people suffer damage, and even have their lives shortened, (may G-d save us), as the experts inform us, and we should sound the alarm on this. Especially responsible are those that are involved in community affairs, who should not be silent on this matter. New factories in particular, should be inspected carefully to know what type of damages they are likely to cause to the community and factories should not be permitted to be established until they are known to be observing the law of distancing of damages properly, and to have all the necessary devices for ensuring that their wastes will not damage the environment...
[We are obligated] to go according to the laws of nature that Hashem established in his world and his creation, and to be careful from natural pitfalls and to protect ourselves and others from things that are likely to cause damage; and if we don’t operate thusly, even if we think we are acting out of faith, this is the council of the evil inclination... Because these matters [smoking in public or causing other harmful forms of pollution to others] are not to be considered as inconsequential, heaven forbid. They are matters of Jewish law that stand up at the heights of the world and in the future there will be an accounting on them [on those who violate these prohibitions]...
Every person is obligated to be very extremely careful with the conditions and rules of safety that are known today [even if not written in the Talmud], because these are not just matters of good behavior or piety towards neighbors, but rather these are clearly mandated by law and a person is obligated to observe the rules of safety according to the custom of the locale and according to the recommendations of the experts. Everyone who observes halacha and wouldn’t violate Torah law is obligated to observe all laws of protecting others and safety rules ... as if they [the safety laws] were written in the Talmud and the Shulchan Arukh.
Discussion Questions:
- How do you understand the statement that these are matters that “stand up at the heights of the world and in the future there will be an accounting for them”?
- According to these texts, what responsibilities do we have to prevent damages today?
- How can we make these teachings better known and understood in the Jewish community and our society?
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Endnotes
- Hazaka is the principle in Jewish law that once an action has been established three times (in this case, for three years), the action becomes legally significant.