The book of Ruth is eponymous for Ruth, the daughter-in-law of Naomi. When Ruth's husband dies, Ruth is given the option to stay with Naomi or leave to go back to her father's house. Ruth chooses to remain and together the two explore love and hope.
(א) שיב.... ויושבים וקורין מגילת רות: על שם שכת' בה בתחילת קציר שעורים (רות א׳:כ״ב). תחת עצרת שנקרא ביכורי קציר חיטים: ויש אומ' על שם רות שנתגיירה. כדכת' אשר באת לחסות תחת כנפיו (רות ב׳:י״ב). ואמרי' בהחולץ במסכת יבמות. דקא' לה נעמי אסור לן לילך חוץ לתחום שבת. אמרה לה באשר תלכי אלך. וכו'. וישר' נתגיירו בעצרת ונכנסו תחת כנפי שכינה בקבלת התורה: ת': ובמדרש רות אמרינן למה נאמרה רות בעצרת בזמן נתינת התורה ללמדך שלא ניתנה תורה אלא על ידי ייסורין ועניות. וכן כתב רב יהודה בר ברזילאי בהילכותיו. שכשיצאו ישר' ממצרים על ידי ייסורין נגאלו. וכן רות. ויהי רעב בארץ. וקיבלה תורה כשנתגיירה: ובמסכת סופרים אמרי'. הקורא ברות. ובשיר השירים ובאיכה וקהלת ובמגילת אסתר צריך לברך על מקרא מגילה. ואעפ"י שכתובה בכתובי'. והקורא בכתובים צריך לברך ברוך אתה י"י אמ"ה אקב"ו לקרות בכתבי הקודש:
(1) 312 ...we sit and read the Scroll of Ruth. [We do so] because it is written in it (Ruth 1:22), "at the beginning of the barley harvest" - corresponding to [Shavuot], which is called, "the first fruits of the wheat harvest" (Exodus 34:12). [2] And some say it is because Ruth converted, as it is written (Ruth 2:12), "under whose wings you have sought refuge”; and we say in [the chapter entitled] HaCholetz that Naomi said to her, "It is forbidden for us to go outside of the Shabbat perimeter." She said to her, "Where you will go, I will go" (Ruth 1:16), etc. And the Israelites converted on [Shavuot] and entered under the wings of the Divine Presence with the receiving of the Torah. [3] Additional comment: And in Midrash Ruth, we say, "Why is Ruth said on [Shavuot], at the time of the giving of the Torah? To teach you that the Torah was only given through afflictions and poverty." And so did Rav Yehudah ben Barzilai write in his [book of] laws: That when Israel left Egypt, they were redeemed through afflictions; and so too Ruth - "there was a famine in the land" (Ruth 1:1) - and she received the Torah when she converted. [4] And in Tractate Soferim (14:3), we say, "One who reads from Ruth, the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations and from the Scroll of Esther, must recite [the blessing that concludes], 'concerning the reading of the Megillah' - even though it is included in the Writings. But one who reads from the Writings must recite, 'Blessed are You, Adonai our God, Ruler of the universe, who has sanctified us with Your commandments and has commanded us to read in the Holy Writings.'"
אמר רבי זעירא מגילה זו אין בה לא טומאה ולא טהרה, ולא איסור ולא היתר. ולמה נכתבה? ללמדך כמה שכר טוב לגומלי חסדים.
Rebbi Zeira said: This story has neither prohibition nor permission, neither impurity nor purity, for what was it written? To teach us the reward for loving-kindness.
(ז) ענין קריאת רות בשבועות. שהוא ענין תורה שבע"פ. שהקב"ה מבקש שבנ"י במעשיהן יוסיפו על התורה שבכתב כי הרי מעשה צדיקים הם תורה. ונעשה ממעשי בועז ורות מגילה שהוא ברוה"ק. וכ' וידבר אלהים כו' לאמר. פי' שבנ"י יאמרו מעצמם כדברים האלה. וכ"כ אשר נתן לנו תורת אמת וחיי עולם נטע כו'. והוא תורה שבע"פ שמצד זה מיוחד התורה לבנ"י. שדעתם מיוחד להשיג סתרי התורה שנסתר ואינו מפורש בתורה. וזה עצמו ענין בועז דאיתא הפי' בו עז. והיינו שהי' מאמין בדברי חכמים שדרשו עמוני ולא עמונית ולא הי' לו ספק בדבר כפלוני שאמר פן אשחית. והוא אדרבה הי' שמח בדבר להראות שדרשת חכמים היא התורה שניתן מסיני. ואמונת חכמים הוא יסוד תורה שבע"פ. והוא ענין אמת ואמונה. תורה שבכתב מפורש בלי הסתר. אך הרצון מבנ"י בעולם השפל הזה לבוא אל האמת ע"י אמונה. כי היצה"ר מוסר עצמו על זה להסיר האמונה מן האדם. ושיהי' נדמה בעיניו כמרוחק מהשי"ת ואומר לאדם שהוא גיאות להתקרב להשי"ת בתפלה שבלב וכדומה. אבל באמת אדרבה ההתקרבות להשי"ת מביא יראת שמים.
(7) Regarding the Reading of the Book of Ruth on Shavuot:
(8) This is really about the Oral Torah. The Kadosh Barukh Hu wants the children of Israel to expand the Written Torah through their deeds--for we know that the deeds of the righteous are “Torah”. Through the deeds of Boaz and Ruth, a scroll was produced by Divine Guidance.
(9) It is written “And Elohim said...saying”, meaning: the children of Israel said words like these to themselves. It’s also written “who gave us a Torah of truth, and within us, planted eternal life”--this refers to Oral Torah, the unique quality of Torah which is Israel’s. They have a unique intellectual approach to understand secrets within the Torah which are hidden and not explicit within the Torah itself.
(10) This itself is the matter of Boaz, whose name means Bo Oz--strength within him--that is to say, he had deep faith in the words of the Sages who explained “an Amonite--excluding an Amonitess”. He had no doubt in the matter, like Ploni did who said “lest I endanger my inheritance”. On the contrary! He was ecstatic to show that the interpretation of the Rabbis was the Torah given on Sinai.
(11) “Trust in the Sages” is the foundation of Oral Torah, and this is what is meant by “Truth and Trust”. Written Torah is explicitly exoteric. Yet, it is the will of the Divine that in this downcast world, Israel achieve ‘truth’ by way of ‘trust’.
(12) The ego gives itself over to remove that trust from a person. It makes it seem in one’s eyes as though they are alienated from Hashem Yisbarakh, and tells them that it is arrogant to even try to seek Hashem Yisbarakh in silent prayer, and the like. But the truth is the exact opposite! Seeking God at all fosters the fear of Heaven.
DR. TAMARA COHN ESKENAZI AND DR. TIKVA FRYMER-KENSKY, Z”L
Why Do We Read the Book of Ruth on Shavuot? | Reform Judaism
Jewish sources offer six explanations for the custom of reading the Book of Ruth on Shavuot, the festival commemorating the giving of the Torah at Sinai:
Why Do We Read the Book of Ruth on Shavuot? | Reform Judaism
Jewish sources offer six explanations for the custom of reading the Book of Ruth on Shavuot, the festival commemorating the giving of the Torah at Sinai:
- Both the Torah, which was given on Shavuot, and Ruth are all about kindness and generosity (hesed).
- At Sinai, Israel took upon itself obedience to the Torah; Ruth likewise takes this obligation to the Torah upon herself.
- According to one tradition, David was born and died on Shavuot; the Book of Ruth ends with the lineage of David.
- Shavuot is connected to the barley harvest (also called bikkurim in the Bible); so, too, is the story of Ruth.
- A midrash (a teaching from rabbinic literature) claims that the Torah can be adequately grasped only by those who have suffered; Ruth suffers poverty and hardship (Ruth Zuta).
- The Hasidic master known as the Sefat Emet offers additional explanations for the link between Ruth and Shavuot:
- Reading Ruth teaches us that actions, not mere study, are the essence of “righteous living” or “goodness”; Boaz exemplified this teaching through his actions of hesed and his observance of mitzvot;
- Having received the Torah at Sinai, Israel is now ready to bring near anyone who seeks to receive it, including proselytes like Ruth – the welcoming of Ruth is an example of this readiness;
- The Torah helps Israel gather the holy sparks scattered among the nations; such is the case with Ruth;
- In taking the Torah upon themselves at Sinai, the Jewish people all became proselytes.
Rabbi Jonathan Sacks
Ruth... invites us to reframe Shavuot, seeing the making of the covenant at Sinai not simply as a religious or political act, but as an act of love – a mutual pledge between two parties, committing themselves to one another in a bond of responsibility, dedication and loyalty.
The covenant at Sinai was a marriage between God and the Children of Israel. The covenant at Sinai was a bond of love whose closest analogue in Tanach is the relationship between Boaz and Ruth.
Ruth... invites us to reframe Shavuot, seeing the making of the covenant at Sinai not simply as a religious or political act, but as an act of love – a mutual pledge between two parties, committing themselves to one another in a bond of responsibility, dedication and loyalty.
The covenant at Sinai was a marriage between God and the Children of Israel. The covenant at Sinai was a bond of love whose closest analogue in Tanach is the relationship between Boaz and Ruth.
Tamara Cohn Eskenazi, JPS Ruth Commentary
If the prophets express on a national scale what Abraham Joshua Heschel describes as “spiritual audacity and moral grandeur,” then Ruth situates these powerful virtues in the domestic sphere and in the lives of ordinary people, who, facing more circumscribed choices, likewise grow to such audacity and develop moral grandeur.
If the prophets express on a national scale what Abraham Joshua Heschel describes as “spiritual audacity and moral grandeur,” then Ruth situates these powerful virtues in the domestic sphere and in the lives of ordinary people, who, facing more circumscribed choices, likewise grow to such audacity and develop moral grandeur.