Migdal - Tower

There are many place names that begin with migdal (tower). A tower was a typical part of a fortified city. Shown here is part of the complex called Migdal David, the Tower of David, built into the city walls in old Jerusalem. This site has been fortified and destroyed and re-fortified for over 2,000 years. The top photo shows a tower built by King Herod about 2,000 years ago. The second photo is what one typically sees for "Tower of David," but it's actually a minaret from the 1600s. None of what you see here is directly connected with King David, but in the Byzantine era it was assumed that this was where King David's palace had been.

Some interesting history of Migdal David can be found here -- it seems to be a reliable source:

https://madainproject.com/tower_of_david and https://madainproject.com/phasael_tower

The same website has some information about Magdala (where the name Magdalena comes from):

https://madainproject.com/magdala. Take a look at the Magdala Stone and its images. It seems to have served as an amud (reader's desk) in the ancient Migdal/Magdala synagogue: https://madainproject.com/magdala_stone

There are some stories that include towers, and some poetry as well. There was also a fortified city called "Migdol" on the eastern border of Egypt. This is not every reference to a migdal (tower) in the Bible but it gives you a wide range of contexts in which it appears:

1. The Tower of Babel

2. A story about Avimelech, one of the military leaders in the book of Judges

3. Isaiah chapter 2, listing high towers as one of the lofty things that will be lower than God. There are some very famous verses in this passage as well.

4. Micah chapter 4, which repeats the beginning of Isaiah chapter 2 and then continues with another famous verse and a reference to Migdal-Eder, a place named for a tower perhaps where shepherds gathererd.

5. Isaiah chapter 5, where building a tower is an important part of planting and tending a vineyard.

6. Jeremiah chapter 31, where rebuilding a specific tower is part of restoring Jerusalem after the Babylonian destruction and exile. The same tower is mentioned again elsewhere, adjacent to "the Corner Gate."

7. Psalm 18 ends with a verse which was imported into Birkat HaMazon, the blessing after meals. Almost the same verse appears in II Samuel 23:51. In one place it is written migdol y'shuot (a tower of victory) and in the other it is magdil y'shuot (God increases victories). The custom is that when chanting the blessing after meals on weekdays, one says magdil, and on Shabbat and festivals one says migdol.

8. Psalm 48 ends with a description of Jerusalem including circling it and counting its towers. Compare to #16, Nehemiah 12, which describes a procession circling the city on top of its walls.

9. Psalm 6: God as a migdal-oz, a tower of strength, a refuge.

10. Proverbs 18:10 God is described with the same phrase: migdal-oz.

11. Song of Songs chapter 4: The beloved's neck is compared to the Tower of David.

12. Song of Songs chapter 7: A tower of ivory and a tower of Lebanon.

13. Song of Songs chapter 8: The beloved claims her own towers.

14. Nehemiah 3:1, rebuilding towers of the walls of Jerusalem after the exiles had returned from Persia (which had captured Babylonia).

15. Nehemiah chapters 7-8 describes Ezra the Scribe reading the "Torah of Moses" to the people of Judah, for the first time after he brought the Torah from Persia.

16. Nehemiah 12: Two processions circling the city of Jerusalem on top of its walls, at the dedication of the Second Temple. See also #8, Psalm 48.

17 and 18. II Chronicles 26: King Uziyahu (Uzziah) started out as a good guy but got arrogant.

19. II Chronicles 27: King Yotam (Jotham) continues his father Uziyahu's building projects.

(א) וַיְהִ֥י כׇל־הָאָ֖רֶץ שָׂפָ֣ה אֶחָ֑ת וּדְבָרִ֖ים אֲחָדִֽים׃ (ב) וַיְהִ֖י בְּנׇסְעָ֣ם מִקֶּ֑דֶם וַֽיִּמְצְא֥וּ בִקְעָ֛ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ שִׁנְעָ֖ר וַיֵּ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם׃ (ג) וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ הָ֚בָה נִלְבְּנָ֣ה לְבֵנִ֔ים וְנִשְׂרְפָ֖ה לִשְׂרֵפָ֑ה וַתְּהִ֨י לָהֶ֤ם הַלְּבֵנָה֙ לְאָ֔בֶן וְהַ֣חֵמָ֔ר הָיָ֥ה לָהֶ֖ם לַחֹֽמֶר׃ (ד) וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ הָ֣בָה ׀ נִבְנֶה־לָּ֣נוּ עִ֗יר וּמִגְדָּל֙ וְרֹאשׁ֣וֹ בַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וְנַֽעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֖נוּ שֵׁ֑ם פֶּן־נָפ֖וּץ עַל־פְּנֵ֥י כׇל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (ה) וַיֵּ֣רֶד יְהֹוָ֔ה לִרְאֹ֥ת אֶת־הָעִ֖יר וְאֶת־הַמִּגְדָּ֑ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּנ֖וּ בְּנֵ֥י הָאָדָֽם׃ (ו) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהֹוָ֗ה הֵ֣ן עַ֤ם אֶחָד֙ וְשָׂפָ֤ה אַחַת֙ לְכֻלָּ֔ם וְזֶ֖ה הַחִלָּ֣ם לַעֲשׂ֑וֹת וְעַתָּה֙ לֹֽא־יִבָּצֵ֣ר מֵהֶ֔ם כֹּ֛ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָזְמ֖וּ לַֽעֲשֽׂוֹת׃ (ז) הָ֚בָה נֵֽרְדָ֔ה וְנָבְלָ֥ה שָׁ֖ם שְׂפָתָ֑ם אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ שְׂפַ֥ת רֵעֵֽהוּ׃ (ח) וַיָּ֨פֶץ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם מִשָּׁ֖ם עַל־פְּנֵ֣י כׇל־הָאָ֑רֶץ וַֽיַּחְדְּל֖וּ לִבְנֹ֥ת הָעִֽיר׃ (ט) עַל־כֵּ֞ן קָרָ֤א שְׁמָהּ֙ בָּבֶ֔ל כִּי־שָׁ֛ם בָּלַ֥ל יְהֹוָ֖ה שְׂפַ֣ת כׇּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ וּמִשָּׁם֙ הֱפִיצָ֣ם יְהֹוָ֔ה עַל־פְּנֵ֖י כׇּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ {פ}

(1) Everyone on earth had the same language and the same words. (2) And as they migrated from the east, they came upon a valley in the land of Shinar and settled there. (3) They said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them hard.”—Brick served them as stone, and bitumen served them as mortar.— (4) And they said, “Come, let us build us a city, and a tower with its top in the sky, to make a name for ourselves; else we shall be scattered all over the world.” (5) The Eternal came down to look at the city and tower that humanity had built, (6) and the Eternal said, “If, as one people with one language for all, this is how they have begun to act, then nothing that they may propose to do will be out of their reach. (7) Let us, then, go down and confound their speech there, so that they shall not understand one another’s speech.” (8) Thus the Eternal scattered them from there over the face of the whole earth; and they stopped building the city. (9) That is why it was called Babel [bavel], because there the Eternal confounded [balal] the speech of the whole earth; and from there the Eternal scattered them over the face of the whole earth.

(נ) וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ אֲבִימֶ֖לֶךְ אֶל־תֵּבֵ֑ץ וַיִּ֥חַן בְּתֵבֵ֖ץ וַֽיִּלְכְּדָֽהּ׃ (נא) וּמִגְדַּל־עֹז֮ הָיָ֣ה בְתוֹךְ־הָעִיר֒ וַיָּנֻ֨סוּ שָׁ֜מָּה כׇּל־הָאֲנָשִׁ֣ים וְהַנָּשִׁ֗ים וְכֹל֙ בַּעֲלֵ֣י הָעִ֔יר וַֽיִּסְגְּר֖וּ בַּעֲדָ֑ם וַֽיַּעֲל֖וּ עַל־גַּ֥ג הַמִּגְדָּֽל׃ (נב) וַיָּבֹ֤א אֲבִימֶ֙לֶךְ֙ עַד־הַמִּגְדָּ֔ל וַיִּלָּ֖חֶם בּ֑וֹ וַיִּגַּ֛שׁ עַד־פֶּ֥תַח הַמִּגְדָּ֖ל לְשׇׂרְפ֥וֹ בָאֵֽשׁ׃ (נג) וַתַּשְׁלֵ֞ךְ אִשָּׁ֥ה אַחַ֛ת פֶּ֥לַח רֶ֖כֶב עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ אֲבִימֶ֑לֶךְ וַתָּ֖רִץ אֶת־גֻּלְגׇּלְתּֽוֹ׃ (נד) וַיִּקְרָ֨א מְהֵרָ֜ה אֶל־הַנַּ֣עַר ׀ נֹשֵׂ֣א כֵלָ֗יו וַיֹּ֤אמֶר לוֹ֙ שְׁלֹ֤ף חַרְבְּךָ֙ וּמ֣וֹתְתֵ֔נִי פֶּן־יֹ֥אמְרוּ לִ֖י אִשָּׁ֣ה הֲרָגָ֑תְהוּ וַיִּדְקְרֵ֥הוּ נַעֲר֖וֹ וַיָּמֹֽת׃

(50) Abimelech proceeded to Tevetz; he encamped at Tevetz and occupied it. (51) Within the town was a fortified tower; and men and women took refuge there, including all the citizens of the town. They shut themselves in, and went up on the roof of the tower. (52) Abimelech pressed forward to the tower and attacked it. He approached the door of the tower to set it on fire. (53) But a woman dropped an upper millstone on Abimelech’s head and cracked his skull. (54) He immediately cried out to his attendant, his arms-bearer, “Draw your dagger and finish me off, that they may not say of me, ‘A woman killed him!’” So his attendant stabbed him, and he died.

(א) הַדָּבָר֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָזָ֔ה יְשַֽׁעְיָ֖הוּ בֶּן־אָמ֑וֹץ עַל־יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירֽוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃ (ב) וְהָיָ֣ה ׀ בְּאַחֲרִ֣ית הַיָּמִ֗ים נָכ֨וֹן יִֽהְיֶ֜ה הַ֤ר בֵּית־יְהֹוָה֙ בְּרֹ֣אשׁ הֶהָרִ֔ים וְנִשָּׂ֖א מִגְּבָע֑וֹת וְנָהֲר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו כׇּל־הַגּוֹיִֽם׃ (ג) וְֽהָלְכ֞וּ עַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֗ים וְאָֽמְרוּ֙

לְכ֣וּ ׀ וְנַעֲלֶ֣ה אֶל־הַר־יְהֹוָ֗ה אֶל־בֵּית֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְיֹרֵ֙נוּ֙ מִדְּרָכָ֔יו וְנֵלְכָ֖ה בְּאֹרְחֹתָ֑יו כִּ֤י מִצִּיּוֹן֙ תֵּצֵ֣א תוֹרָ֔ה וּדְבַר־יְהֹוָ֖ה מִירוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃

(ד) וְשָׁפַט֙ בֵּ֣ין הַגּוֹיִ֔ם וְהוֹכִ֖יחַ לְעַמִּ֣ים רַבִּ֑ים וְכִתְּת֨וּ חַרְבוֹתָ֜ם לְאִתִּ֗ים וַחֲנִיתֽוֹתֵיהֶם֙ לְמַזְמֵר֔וֹת לֹא־יִשָּׂ֨א ג֤וֹי אֶל־גּוֹי֙ חֶ֔רֶב וְלֹֽא־יִלְמְד֥וּ ע֖וֹד מִלְחָמָֽה׃ {פ}

(ה) בֵּ֖ית יַעֲקֹ֑ב לְכ֥וּ וְנֵלְכָ֖ה בְּא֥וֹר יְהֹוָֽה׃

(ו) כִּ֣י נָטַ֗שְׁתָּה עַמְּךָ֙ בֵּ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב כִּ֤י מָֽלְאוּ֙ מִקֶּ֔דֶם וְעֹנְנִ֖ים כַּפְּלִשְׁתִּ֑ים וּבְיַלְדֵ֥י נׇכְרִ֖ים יַשְׂפִּֽיקוּ׃ ...

(יא) עֵינֵ֞י גַּבְה֤וּת אָדָם֙ שָׁפֵ֔ל וְשַׁ֖ח ר֣וּם אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְנִשְׂגַּ֧ב יְהֹוָ֛ה לְבַדּ֖וֹ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַהֽוּא׃ {פ}
(יב) כִּ֣י י֞וֹם לַיהֹוָ֧ה צְבָא֛וֹת עַ֥ל כׇּל־גֵּאֶ֖ה וָרָ֑ם וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־נִשָּׂ֥א וְשָׁפֵֽל׃ (יג) וְעַל֙ כׇּל־אַרְזֵ֣י הַלְּבָנ֔וֹן הָרָמִ֖ים וְהַנִּשָּׂאִ֑ים וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־אַלּוֹנֵ֥י הַבָּשָֽׁן׃ (יד) וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־הֶהָרִ֣ים הָרָמִ֑ים וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־הַגְּבָע֥וֹת הַנִּשָּׂאֽוֹת׃ (טו) וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־מִגְדָּ֣ל גָּבֹ֑הַּ וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־חוֹמָ֥ה בְצוּרָֽה׃ (טז) וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־אֳנִיּ֣וֹת תַּרְשִׁ֑ישׁ וְעַ֖ל כׇּל־שְׂכִיּ֥וֹת הַחֶמְדָּֽה׃ (יז) וְשַׁח֙ גַּבְה֣וּת הָאָדָ֔ם וְשָׁפֵ֖ל ר֣וּם אֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְנִשְׂגַּ֧ב יְהֹוָ֛ה לְבַדּ֖וֹ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַהֽוּא׃ (יח) וְהָאֱלִילִ֖ים כָּלִ֥יל יַחֲלֹֽף׃

(1) The word that Isaiah son of Amoz prophesied concerning Judah and Jerusalem: (2) In the days to come, the mountain of the Eternal's House shall stand firm above the mountains and rise above the hills; and all the nations shall flow to it. (3) And many peoples shall go and say:

“Come, Let us go up to the mountain of the Eternal, to the House of the God of Jacob; That we may be instructed in God’s ways, and that we may walk in God’s paths.” For Torah shall come forth from Zion, the word of the Eternal from Jerusalem.

(4) Then [God] will judge among the nations and arbitrate for the many peoples, and they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks: Nation shall not take up sword against nation; they shall never again know war.

(5) O House of Jacob! Come, let us walk by the light of the Eternal.

(6) For you have forsaken [the ways of] your people, O House of Jacob! For they are full [of practices] from the east, And of soothsaying like the Philistines; they abound in customs of the aliens. ...

(11) The haughty look of humans shall be brought low, And the pride of mortals shall be humbled. None but the Eternal shall be exalted in that day. (12) For the Eternal of Hosts has ready a day against all that is proud and arrogant, against all that is lofty, so that it is brought low: (13) Against all the cedars of Lebanon, tall and stately, and all the oaks of Bashan; (14) Against all the high mountains and all the lofty hills; (15) Against every soaring tower and every mighty wall; (16) Against all the ships of Tarshish and all the gallant boats. (17) Then human haughtiness shall be humbled And the pride of mortals brought low. None but the Eternal shall be exalted in that day. (18) As for idols, they shall vanish completely.

Micah chapter 4 repeats Isaiah 2:1-4 (with tiny variations), then continues:

(ד) וְיָשְׁב֗וּ אִ֣ישׁ תַּ֧חַת גַּפְנ֛וֹ וְתַ֥חַת תְּאֵנָת֖וֹ וְאֵ֣ין מַחֲרִ֑יד כִּי־פִ֛י יְהֹוָ֥ה צְבָא֖וֹת דִּבֵּֽר׃ (ה) כִּ֚י כׇּל־הָ֣עַמִּ֔ים יֵלְכ֕וּ אִ֖ישׁ בְּשֵׁ֣ם אֱלֹהָ֑יו וַאֲנַ֗חְנוּ נֵלֵ֛ךְ בְּשֵׁם־יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ לְעוֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד׃ {פ} (ו) בַּיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֗ה אֹֽסְפָה֙ הַצֹּ֣לֵעָ֔ה וְהַנִּדָּחָ֖ה אֲקַבֵּ֑צָה וַאֲשֶׁ֖ר הֲרֵעֹֽתִי׃ (ז) וְשַׂמְתִּ֤י אֶת־הַצֹּֽלֵעָה֙ לִשְׁאֵרִ֔ית וְהַנַּהֲלָאָ֖ה לְג֣וֹי עָצ֑וּם וּמָלַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֤ה עֲלֵיהֶם֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן מֵעַתָּ֖ה וְעַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ {פ} (ח) וְאַתָּ֣ה מִגְדַּל־עֵ֗דֶר עֹ֛פֶל בַּת־צִיּ֖וֹן עָדֶ֣יךָ תֵּאתֶ֑ה וּבָאָ֗ה הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה֙ הָרִ֣אשֹׁנָ֔ה מַמְלֶ֖כֶת לְבַ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃

(4) Then every family shall sit under its own vine and fig tree with no one to disturb them. For it was the Eternal of Hosts who spoke. (5) Though all the peoples walk each in the names of its gods, we will walk in the name of the Eternal our God forever and ever. (6) On that day — declares the Eternal —I will assemble the lame and will gather the outcast, and those I have treated harshly; (7) And I will turn the lame into a remnant And the expellede into a populous nation. And the Eternal will reign over them on Mount Zion now and for evermore. (8) And you, O Migdal-Eder, outpost of Fair Zion, it shall come to you: the former monarchy shall return—the kingship of Fair Jerusalem.

Based on the story of Jacob burying Rachel and then camping near Migdal-Eder (Genesis 35:19-21), Migdal-Eder must be near Bethlehem. Eder is a flock, usually of mixed sheep and goats. So Migdal-Eder sounds like a place of gathering or fortification for pastoral nomads.

(א) אָשִׁ֤ירָה נָּא֙ לִֽידִידִ֔י שִׁירַ֥ת דּוֹדִ֖י לְכַרְמ֑וֹ כֶּ֛רֶם הָיָ֥ה לִידִידִ֖י בְּקֶ֥רֶן בֶּן־שָֽׁמֶן׃ (ב) וַֽיְעַזְּקֵ֣הוּ וַֽיְסַקְּלֵ֗הוּ וַיִּטָּעֵ֙הוּ֙ שֹׂרֵ֔ק וַיִּ֤בֶן מִגְדָּל֙ בְּתוֹכ֔וֹ וְגַם־יֶ֖קֶב חָצֵ֣ב בּ֑וֹ וַיְקַ֛ו לַֽעֲשׂ֥וֹת עֲנָבִ֖ים וַיַּ֥עַשׂ בְּאֻשִֽׁים׃

(1) Let me sing for my beloved

A song of my lover about his vineyard.

My beloved had a vineyard on a fruitful hill.

(2) He broke the ground, cleared it of stones,

And planted it with choice vines.

He built a watchtower inside it,

And also hewed a wine press in it;

For he hoped it would yield grapes.

Instead, it yielded wild grapes.

(לח) הִנֵּ֛ה יָמִ֥ים [בָּאִ֖ים] נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֑ה וְנִבְנְתָ֤ה הָעִיר֙ לַיהֹוָ֔ה מִמִּגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵ֖ל שַׁ֥עַר הַפִּנָּֽה׃

(38) See, a time is coming—declares the Eternal —when the city shall be rebuilt for the Eternal from the Tower of Hananel to the Corner Gate;

(נ) עַל־כֵּ֤ן ׀ אוֹדְךָ֖ בַגּוֹיִ֥ם ׀ יְהֹוָ֑ה וּלְשִׁמְךָ֥ אֲזַמֵּֽרָה׃ (נא) מַגְדִּל֮ יְשׁוּע֢וֹת מַ֫לְכּ֥וֹ וְעֹ֤שֶׂה חֶ֨סֶד ׀ לִמְשִׁיח֗וֹ לְדָוִ֥ד וּלְזַרְע֗וֹ עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃ {פ}

(50) For this I sing Your praise among the nations, Eternal, and hymn Your name: (51) God multiplies victories/Tower of victory to God's king and keeps faith with God's anointed, with David and his offspring forever.

(י) דִּמִּ֣ינוּ אֱלֹהִ֣ים חַסְדֶּ֑ךָ בְּ֝קֶ֗רֶב הֵיכָלֶֽךָ׃ (יא) כְּשִׁמְךָ֤ אֱלֹהִ֗ים כֵּ֣ן תְּ֭הִלָּתְךָ עַל־קַצְוֵי־אֶ֑רֶץ צֶ֝֗דֶק מָלְאָ֥ה יְמִינֶֽךָ׃ (יב) יִשְׂמַ֤ח ׀ הַר־צִיּ֗וֹן תָּ֭גֵלְנָה בְּנ֣וֹת יְהוּדָ֑ה לְ֝מַ֗עַן מִשְׁפָּטֶֽיךָ׃ (יג) סֹ֣בּוּ צִ֭יּוֹן וְהַקִּיפ֑וּהָ סִ֝פְר֗וּ מִגְדָּלֶֽיהָ׃ (יד) שִׁ֤יתוּ לִבְּכֶ֨ם ׀ לְֽחֵילָ֗הֿ פַּסְּג֥וּ אַרְמְנוֹתֶ֑יהָ לְמַ֥עַן תְּ֝סַפְּר֗וּ לְד֣וֹר אַֽחֲרֽוֹן׃ (טו) כִּ֤י זֶ֨ה ׀ אֱלֹהִ֣ים אֱ֭לֹהֵינוּ עוֹלָ֣ם וָעֶ֑ד ה֖וּא יְנַהֲגֵ֣נוּ עַל־מֽוּת׃ {פ}

(10) In Your temple, God, we meditate upon Your faithful care. (11) The praise of You, God, like Your name, reaches to the ends of the earth; Your right hand is filled with justice. (12) Let Mount Zion rejoice! Let the daughters of Judah [can also mean "the towns" outside Jerusalem] exult, because of Your judgments. (13) Walk around Zion, circle it; count its towers, (14) take note of its ramparts; go through its citadels, that you may recount it to a future age. (15) For this is God, our God forever; God will guide us evermore.

(ב) שִׁמְעָ֣ה אֱ֭לֹהִים רִנָּתִ֑י הַ֝קְשִׁ֗יבָה תְּפִלָּתִֽי׃ (ג) מִקְצֵ֤ה הָאָ֨רֶץ ׀ אֵלֶ֣יךָ אֶ֭קְרָא בַּעֲטֹ֣ף לִבִּ֑י בְּצוּר־יָר֖וּם מִמֶּ֣נִּי תַנְחֵֽנִי׃ (ד) כִּֽי־הָיִ֣יתָ מַחְסֶ֣ה לִ֑י מִגְדַּל־עֹ֝֗ז מִפְּנֵ֥י אוֹיֵֽב׃ (ה) אָג֣וּרָה בְ֭אׇהׇלְךָ עוֹלָמִ֑ים אֶ֥חֱסֶ֨ה בְסֵ֖תֶר כְּנָפֶ֣יךָ סֶּֽלָה׃

(2) Hear my cry, O God, heed my prayer. (3) From the end of the earth I call to You; when my heart is faint, You lead me to a rock that is high above me. (4) For You have been my refuge, a tower of strength against the enemy. (5) O that I might dwell in Your tent forever, take refuge under Your protecting wings. Selah.

(י) מִגְדַּל־עֹ֭ז שֵׁ֣ם יְהֹוָ֑ה בּֽוֹ־יָר֖וּץ צַדִּ֣יק וְנִשְׂגָּֽב׃

(10) A tower of strength is the name of the Eternal; a righteous person runs to it and is safe.

(א) הִנָּ֨ךְ יָפָ֤ה רַעְיָתִי֙ הִנָּ֣ךְ יָפָ֔ה עֵינַ֣יִךְ יוֹנִ֔ים מִבַּ֖עַד לְצַמָּתֵ֑ךְ שַׂעְרֵךְ֙ כְּעֵ֣דֶר הָֽעִזִּ֔ים שֶׁגָּלְשׁ֖וּ מֵהַ֥ר גִּלְעָֽד׃ (ב) שִׁנַּ֙יִךְ֙ כְּעֵ֣דֶר הַקְּצוּב֔וֹת שֶׁעָל֖וּ מִן־הָרַחְצָ֑ה שֶׁכֻּלָּם֙ מַתְאִימ֔וֹת וְשַׁכֻּלָ֖ה אֵ֥ין בָּהֶֽם׃ (ג) כְּח֤וּט הַשָּׁנִי֙ שִׂפְתוֹתַ֔יִךְ וּמִדְבָּרֵ֖ךְ נָאוֶ֑ה כְּפֶ֤לַח הָֽרִמּוֹן֙ רַקָּתֵ֔ךְ מִבַּ֖עַד לְצַמָּתֵֽךְ׃ (ד) כְּמִגְדַּ֤ל דָּוִיד֙ צַוָּארֵ֔ךְ בָּנ֖וּי לְתַלְפִּיּ֑וֹת אֶ֤לֶף הַמָּגֵן֙ תָּל֣וּי עָלָ֔יו כֹּ֖ל שִׁלְטֵ֥י הַגִּבֹּרִֽים׃ (ה) שְׁנֵ֥י שָׁדַ֛יִךְ כִּשְׁנֵ֥י עֳפָרִ֖ים תְּאוֹמֵ֣י צְבִיָּ֑ה הָרוֹעִ֖ים בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃

(1) Ah, you are fair, my darling,

Ah, you are fair.

Your eyes are like doves

Behind your veil.

Your hair is like a flock of goats

Streaming down Mount Gilead.

(2) Your teeth are like a flock of ewes

Climbing up from the washing pool;

All of them bear twins,

And not one loses her young. (3) Your lips are like a crimson thread,

Your mouth is lovely.

Your brow behind your veil

Is like a pomegranate split open.

(4) Your neck is like the Tower of David, Built to hold weapons,

Hung with a thousand shields—

All the quivers of warriors.

(5) Your breasts are like two fawns,

Twins of a gazelle,

Browsing among the lilies.

Are the weapons and shields on the tower necklaces and jewelry?

(ב) מַה־יָּפ֧וּ פְעָמַ֛יִךְ בַּנְּעָלִ֖ים בַּת־נָדִ֑יב חַמּוּקֵ֣י יְרֵכַ֔יִךְ כְּמ֣וֹ חֲלָאִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֥י אׇמָּֽן׃ (ג) שׇׁרְרֵךְ֙ אַגַּ֣ן הַסַּ֔הַר אַל־יֶחְסַ֖ר הַמָּ֑זֶג בִּטְנֵךְ֙ עֲרֵמַ֣ת חִטִּ֔ים סוּגָ֖ה בַּשּׁוֹשַׁנִּֽים׃ (ד) שְׁנֵ֥י שָׁדַ֛יִךְ כִּשְׁנֵ֥י עֳפָרִ֖ים תׇּאֳמֵ֥י צְבִיָּֽה׃ (ה) צַוָּארֵ֖ךְ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַשֵּׁ֑ן עֵינַ֜יִךְ בְּרֵכ֣וֹת בְּחֶשְׁבּ֗וֹן עַל־שַׁ֙עַר֙ בַּת־רַבִּ֔ים אַפֵּךְ֙ כְּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַלְּבָנ֔וֹן צוֹפֶ֖ה פְּנֵ֥י דַמָּֽשֶׂק׃ (ו) רֹאשֵׁ֤ךְ עָלַ֙יִךְ֙ כַּכַּרְמֶ֔ל וְדַלַּ֥ת רֹאשֵׁ֖ךְ כָּאַרְגָּמָ֑ן מֶ֖לֶךְ אָס֥וּר בָּרְהָטִֽים׃

(2) How lovely are your feet in sandals,

O daughter of nobles!

Your rounded thighs are like jewels,

The work of a master’s hand.

(3) Your navel is like a round goblet—

Let mixed wine not be lacking!—

Your belly like a heap of wheat

Hedged about with lilies.

(4) Your breasts are like two fawns,

Twins of a gazelle.

(5) Your neck is like a tower of ivory,

Your eyes like pools in Heshbon

By the gate of Bath-rabbim,

Your nose like the Lebanon tower

That faces toward Damascus.

(6) The head upon you is like crimson wool,

The locks of your head are like purple—

A king is held captive in the tresses.

There is a Damascus Gate in Jerusalem. Is this the Lebanon Tower? Photo from Wikimedia Commons:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/The_Damascus_Gate_in_Jerusalem%27s_walls.jpg)

(י) אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת אָ֛ז הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם׃ {פ}

(י) אֲנִ֣י חוֹמָ֔ה וְשָׁדַ֖י כַּמִּגְדָּל֑וֹת אָ֛ז הָיִ֥יתִי בְעֵינָ֖יו כְּמוֹצְאֵ֥ת שָׁלֽוֹם׃ {פ} (יא) כֶּ֣רֶם הָיָ֤ה לִשְׁלֹמֹה֙ בְּבַ֣עַל הָמ֔וֹן נָתַ֥ן אֶת־הַכֶּ֖רֶם לַנֹּטְרִ֑ים אִ֛ישׁ יָבִ֥א בְּפִרְי֖וֹ אֶ֥לֶף כָּֽסֶף׃ (יב) כַּרְמִ֥י שֶׁלִּ֖י לְפָנָ֑י הָאֶ֤לֶף לְךָ֙ שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה וּמָאתַ֖יִם לְנֹטְרִ֥ים אֶת־פִּרְיֽוֹ׃ (יג) הַיּוֹשֶׁ֣בֶת בַּגַּנִּ֗ים חֲבֵרִ֛ים מַקְשִׁיבִ֥ים לְקוֹלֵ֖ךְ הַשְׁמִיעִֽנִי׃ (יד) בְּרַ֣ח ׀ דּוֹדִ֗י וּֽדְמֵה־לְךָ֤ לִצְבִי֙ א֚וֹ לְעֹ֣פֶר הָֽאַיָּלִ֔ים עַ֖ל הָרֵ֥י בְשָׂמִֽים׃

(10) I am a wall, and my breasts are like towers. So I have become in his eyes like one who finds peace. (11) Solomon had a vineyard in Baal-hamon. He set guards in the vineyard: A person would give for its fruit a thousand pieces of silver. (12) My own vineyard is in front of me: You may have the thousand, O Solomon, and the guards of the fruit two hundred! (13) O you who linger in the garden, friends are listening for your voice -- Let me hear your voice. (14) "Hurry, my beloved, swift as a gazelle or a young stag, To the hills of spices!”

This is the very end of Song of Songs. Beautiful, but enigmatic!

(א) וַיָּ֡קׇם אֶלְיָשִׁיב֩ הַכֹּהֵ֨ן הַגָּד֜וֹל וְאֶחָ֣יו הַכֹּהֲנִ֗ים וַיִּבְנוּ֙ אֶת־שַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֔אן הֵ֣מָּה קִדְּשׁ֔וּהוּ וַֽיַּעֲמִ֖ידוּ דַּלְתֹתָ֑יו וְעַד־מִגְדַּ֤ל הַמֵּאָה֙ קִדְּשׁ֔וּהוּ עַ֖ד מִגְדַּ֥ל חֲנַנְאֵֽל׃ {ס}

(1) Then Elyashiv the high priest and his fellow priests got busy and rebuilt the Sheep Gate; they consecrated it and set up its doors, consecrating it as far as the Hundred’s Tower, as far as the Tower of Hananel.

We're back to the geography of the walls of Jerusalem and its towers. This describes the rebuilding in the 5th century BCE under Nehemiah, after exiles returned from Babylonia.

(עב) וַיֵּשְׁב֣וּ הַכֹּהֲנִ֣ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֡ם וְהַשּׁוֹעֲרִים֩ וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִ֨ים וּמִן־הָעָ֧ם וְהַנְּתִינִ֛ים וְכׇל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּעָרֵיהֶ֑ם {ס} וַיִּגַּע֙ הַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י וּבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּעָרֵיהֶֽם׃ (א) וַיֵּאָסְפ֤וּ כׇל־הָעָם֙ כְּאִ֣ישׁ אֶחָ֔ד אֶל־הָ֣רְח֔וֹב אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִפְנֵ֣י שַֽׁעַר־הַמָּ֑יִם וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ לְעֶזְרָ֣א הַסֹּפֵ֔ר לְהָבִ֗יא אֶת־סֵ֙פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (ב) וַיָּבִ֣יא עֶזְרָ֣א הַ֠כֹּהֵ֠ן אֶֽת־הַתּוֹרָ֞ה לִפְנֵ֤י הַקָּהָל֙ מֵאִ֣ישׁ וְעַד־אִשָּׁ֔ה וְכֹ֖ל מֵבִ֣ין לִשְׁמֹ֑עַ בְּי֥וֹם אֶחָ֖ד לַחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי׃ (ג) וַיִּקְרָא־בוֹ֩ לִפְנֵ֨י הָרְח֜וֹב אֲשֶׁ֣ר ׀ לִפְנֵ֣י שַֽׁעַר־הַמַּ֗יִם מִן־הָאוֹר֙ עַד־מַחֲצִ֣ית הַיּ֔וֹם נֶ֛גֶד הָאֲנָשִׁ֥ים וְהַנָּשִׁ֖ים וְהַמְּבִינִ֑ים וְאׇזְנֵ֥י כׇל־הָעָ֖ם אֶל־סֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃ (ד) וַֽיַּעֲמֹ֞ד עֶזְרָ֣א הַסֹּפֵ֗ר עַֽל־מִגְדַּל־עֵץ֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ לַדָּבָר֒ וַיַּֽעֲמֹ֣ד אֶצְל֡וֹ מַתִּתְיָ֡ה וְשֶׁ֡מַע וַ֠עֲנָיָ֠ה וְאוּרִיָּ֧ה וְחִלְקִיָּ֛ה וּמַעֲשֵׂיָ֖ה עַל־יְמִינ֑וֹ וּמִשְּׂמֹאל֗וֹ פְּ֠דָיָ֠ה וּמִֽישָׁאֵ֧ל וּמַלְכִּיָּ֛ה וְחָשֻׁ֥ם וְחַשְׁבַּדָּ֖נָה זְכַרְיָ֥ה מְשֻׁלָּֽם׃ {פ}
(ה) וַיִּפְתַּ֨ח עֶזְרָ֤א הַסֵּ֙פֶר֙ לְעֵינֵ֣י כׇל־הָעָ֔ם כִּֽי־מֵעַ֥ל כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם הָיָ֑ה וּכְפִתְח֖וֹ עָֽמְד֥וּ כׇל־הָעָֽם׃ (ו) וַיְבָ֣רֶךְ עֶזְרָ֔א אֶת־יְהֹוָ֥ה הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים הַגָּד֑וֹל וַיַּֽעֲנ֨וּ כׇל־הָעָ֜ם אָמֵ֤ן ׀ אָמֵן֙ בְּמֹ֣עַל יְדֵיהֶ֔ם וַיִּקְּד֧וּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲו֛וּ לַיהֹוָ֖ה אַפַּ֥יִם אָֽרְצָה׃

(72) The priests, the Levites, the gatekeepers, the singers, some of the people, the temple servants, and all Israel took up residence in their towns. When the seventh month arrived—the Israelites being [settled] in their towns— (1) the entire people assembled as one man in the square before the Water Gate, and they asked Ezra the scribe to bring the scroll of the Teaching of Moses with which the Eternal had charged Israel. (2) On the first day of the seventh month, Ezra the priest brought the Teaching before the congregation, men and women and all who could listen with understanding. (3) He read from it, facing the square before the Water Gate, from the first light until midday, to the men and the women and those who could understand; the ears of all the people were given to the scroll of the Teaching. (4) Ezra the scribe stood upon a wooden tower made for the purpose, and beside him stood Mattithiah, Shema, Anaiah, Uriah, Hilkiah, and Maaseiah at his right, and at his left Pedaiah, Mishael, Malchijah, Hashum, Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, Meshullam. (5) Ezra opened the scroll in the sight of all the people, for he was above all the people; as he opened it, all the people stood up. (6) Ezra blessed the Eternal, the great God, and all the people answered, “Amen, Amen,” with hands upraised. Then they bowed their heads and prostrated themselves before the Eternal with their faces to the ground.

(כו) אֵ֕לֶּה בִּימֵ֛י יוֹיָקִ֥ים בֶּן־יֵשׁ֖וּעַ בֶּן־יוֹצָדָ֑ק וּבִימֵי֙ נְחֶמְיָ֣ה הַפֶּחָ֔ה וְעֶזְרָ֥א הַכֹּהֵ֖ן הַסּוֹפֵֽר׃ {פ} (כז) וּבַחֲנֻכַּ֞ת חוֹמַ֣ת יְרוּשָׁלַ֗͏ִם בִּקְשׁ֤וּ אֶת־הַלְוִיִּם֙ מִכׇּל־מְק֣וֹמֹתָ֔ם לַהֲבִיאָ֖ם לִֽירוּשָׁלָ֑͏ִם לַעֲשֹׂ֨ת חֲנֻכָּ֤ה וְשִׂמְחָה֙ וּבְתוֹד֣וֹת וּבְשִׁ֔יר מְצִלְתַּ֖יִם נְבָלִ֥ים וּבְכִנֹּרֽוֹת׃ (כח) וַיֵּאָ֣סְפ֔וּ בְּנֵ֖י הַמְשֹׁרְרִ֑ים וּמִן־הַכִּכָּר֙ סְבִיב֣וֹת יְרוּשָׁלַ֔͏ִם וּמִן־חַצְרֵ֖י נְטֹפָתִֽי׃ (כט) וּמִבֵּית֙ הַגִּלְגָּ֔ל וּמִשְּׂד֥וֹת גֶּ֖בַע וְעַזְמָ֑וֶת כִּ֣י חֲצֵרִ֗ים בָּנ֤וּ לָהֶם֙ הַמְשֹׁ֣רְרִ֔ים סְבִיב֖וֹת יְרוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃ (ל) וַיִּֽטַּהֲר֔וּ הַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים וְהַלְוִיִּ֑ם וַֽיְטַהֲרוּ֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם וְאֶת־הַשְּׁעָרִ֖ים וְאֶת־הַחוֹמָֽה׃ (לא) וָאַעֲלֶה֙ אֶת־שָׂרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה מֵעַ֖ל לַחוֹמָ֑ה וָאַעֲמִ֡ידָה שְׁתֵּ֣י תוֹדֹת֩ גְּדוֹלֹ֨ת וְתַהֲלֻכֹ֤ת לַיָּמִין֙ מֵעַ֣ל לַחוֹמָ֔ה לְשַׁ֖עַר הָאַשְׁפֹּֽת׃ (לב) וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ אַחֲרֵיהֶם֙ הוֹשַׁ֣עְיָ֔ה וַחֲצִ֖י שָׂרֵ֥י יְהוּדָֽה׃ (לג) וַעֲזַרְיָ֥ה עֶזְרָ֖א וּמְשֻׁלָּֽם׃ (לד) יְהוּדָה֙ וּבִנְיָמִ֔ן וּֽשְׁמַֽעְיָ֖ה וְיִרְמְיָֽה׃ {פ}
(לה) וּמִבְּנֵ֥י הַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים בַּחֲצֹצְר֑וֹת זְכַרְיָ֨ה בֶן־יֽוֹנָתָ֜ן בֶּן־שְׁמַֽעְיָ֗ה בֶּן־מַתַּנְיָה֙ בֶּן־מִ֣יכָיָ֔ה בֶּן־זַכּ֖וּר בֶּן־אָסָֽף׃ (לו) וְֽאֶחָ֡יו שְֽׁמַעְיָ֡ה וַעֲזַרְאֵ֡ל מִֽלְלַ֡י גִּֽלְלַ֡י מָעַ֞י נְתַנְאֵ֤ל וִֽיהוּדָה֙ חֲנָ֔נִי בִּכְלֵי־שִׁ֥יר דָּוִ֖יד אִ֣ישׁ הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וְעֶזְרָ֥א הַסּוֹפֵ֖ר לִפְנֵיהֶֽם׃ (לז) וְעַל֩ שַׁ֨עַר הָעַ֜יִן וְנֶגְדָּ֗ם עָלוּ֙ עַֽל־מַעֲלוֹת֙ עִ֣יר דָּוִ֔יד בַּֽמַּעֲלֶ֖ה לַחוֹמָ֑ה מֵעַל֙ לְבֵ֣ית דָּוִ֔יד וְעַ֛ד שַׁ֥עַר הַמַּ֖יִם מִזְרָֽח׃ (לח) וְהַתּוֹדָ֧ה הַשֵּׁנִ֛ית הַהוֹלֶ֥כֶת לְמ֖וֹאל וַאֲנִ֣י אַחֲרֶ֑יהָ וַחֲצִ֨י הָעָ֜ם מֵעַ֣ל לְהַחוֹמָ֗ה מֵעַל֙ לְמִגְדַּ֣ל הַתַּנּוּרִ֔ים וְעַ֖ד הַחוֹמָ֥ה הָרְחָבָֽה׃ (לט) וּמֵעַ֣ל לְשַֽׁעַר־אֶ֠פְרַ֠יִם וְעַל־שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה וְעַל־שַׁ֣עַר הַדָּגִ֗ים וּמִגְדַּ֤ל חֲנַנְאֵל֙ וּמִגְדַּ֣ל הַמֵּאָ֔ה וְעַ֖ד שַׁ֣עַר הַצֹּ֑אן וְעָ֣מְד֔וּ בְּשַׁ֖עַר הַמַּטָּרָֽה׃ (מ) וַֽתַּעֲמֹ֛דְנָה שְׁתֵּ֥י הַתּוֹדֹ֖ת בְּבֵ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַאֲנִ֕י וַחֲצִ֥י הַסְּגָנִ֖ים עִמִּֽי׃

(26) These were in the time of Joiakim son of Jeshua son of Jozadak, and in the time of Nehemiah the governor, and of Ezra the priest, the scribe. (27) At the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem, the Levites, wherever they lived, were sought out and brought to Jerusalem to celebrate a joyful dedication with thanksgiving and with song, accompanied by cymbals, harps, and lyres. (28) The companies of singers assembled from the [Jordan] plain, the environs of Jerusalem, and from the Netophathite villages; (29) from Beth-hagilgal, from the countryside of Geba and Azmaveth, for the singers built themselves villages in the environs of Jerusalem. (30) The priests and Levites purified themselves; then they purified the people, and the gates, and the wall. (31) I had the officers of Judah go up onto the wall, and I appointed two large thanksgiving [choirs] and processions. [One marched] south on the wall, to the Dung Gate; (32) behind them were Hoshaiah and half the officers of Judah, (33) and Azariah, Ezra, Meshullam, (34) Judah, Benjamin, Shemaiah, and Jeremiah, (35) and some of the young priests, with trumpets; Zechariah son of Jonathan son of Shemaiah son of Mattaniah son of Micaiah son of Zaccur son of Asaph, (36) and his brothers Shemaiah, and Azarel, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethanel, Judah, and Hanani, with the musical instruments of David, the man of God; and Ezra the scribe went ahead of them. (37) From there to the Fountain Gate, where they ascended the steps of the City of David directly before them, by the ascent on the wall, above the house of David, [and onward] to the Water Gate on the east. (38) The other thanksgiving [choir] marched on the wall in the opposite direction, with me and half the people behind it, above the Tower of Ovens to the Broad Wall; (39) and above the Gate of Ephraim, the Jeshanah Gate, the Fish Gate, the Tower of Hananel, the Tower of the Hundred, to the Sheep Gate; and they halted at the Gate of the Prison Compound. (40) Both thanksgiving choirs halted at the House of God, and I and half the prefects with me.

(ט) וַיִּ֨בֶן עֻזִּיָּ֤הוּ מִגְדָּלִים֙ בִּיר֣וּשָׁלַ֔͏ִם עַל־שַׁ֧עַר הַפִּנָּ֛ה וְעַל־שַׁ֥עַר הַגַּ֖יְא וְעַל־הַמִּקְצ֑וֹעַ וַֽיְחַזְּקֵֽם׃ (י) וַיִּ֨בֶן מִגְדָּלִ֜ים בַּמִּדְבָּ֗ר וַיַּחְצֹב֙ בֹּר֣וֹת רַבִּ֔ים כִּ֤י מִקְנֶה־רַּב֙ הָ֣יָה ל֔וֹ וּבַשְּׁפֵלָ֖ה וּבַמִּישׁ֑וֹר אִכָּרִ֣ים וְכֹרְמִ֗ים בֶּהָרִים֙ וּבַכַּרְמֶ֔ל כִּי־אֹהֵ֥ב אֲדָמָ֖ה הָיָֽה׃ {ס}

(9) Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem on the Corner Gate and the Valley Gate and on the Angle, and fortified them. (10) He built towers in the wilderness and hewed out many cisterns, for he had much cattle, and farmers in the foothills and on the plain, and vine dressers in the mountains and on the fertile lands, for he was one who loved the earth.

(א) וַיִּקְח֞וּ כׇּל־עַ֤ם יְהוּדָה֙ אֶת־עֻזִּיָּ֔הוּ וְה֕וּא בֶּן־שֵׁ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה שָׁנָ֑ה וַיַּמְלִ֣יכוּ אֹת֔וֹ תַּ֖חַת אָבִ֥יו אֲמַצְיָֽהוּ׃ (ב) ה֚וּא בָּנָ֣ה אֶת־אֵיל֔וֹת וַיְשִׁיבֶ֖הָ לִֽיהוּדָ֑ה אַחֲרֵ֥י שְׁכַֽב־הַמֶּ֖לֶךְ עִם־אֲבֹתָֽיו׃ {פ}
(ג) בֶּן־שֵׁ֨שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֤ה שָׁנָה֙ עֻזִּיָּ֣הוּ בְמׇלְכ֔וֹ וַחֲמִשִּׁ֤ים וּשְׁתַּ֙יִם֙ שָׁנָ֔ה מָלַ֖ךְ בִּירוּשָׁלָ֑͏ִם וְשֵׁ֣ם אִמּ֔וֹ (יכיליה) [יְכׇלְיָ֖ה] מִן־יְרוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם׃ (ד) וַיַּ֥עַשׂ הַיָּשָׁ֖ר בְּעֵינֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֑ה כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֖ה אֲמַצְיָ֥הוּ אָבִֽיו׃ (ה) וַֽיְהִי֙ לִדְרֹ֣שׁ אֱלֹהִ֔ים בִּימֵ֣י זְכַרְיָ֔הוּ הַמֵּבִ֖ין בִּרְאֹ֣ת הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים וּבִימֵי֙ דׇּרְשׁ֣וֹ אֶת־יְהֹוָ֔ה הִצְלִיח֖וֹ הָאֱלֹהִֽים׃ (ו) וַיֵּצֵא֙ וַיִּלָּ֣חֶם בַּפְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים וַיִּפְרֹ֞ץ אֶת־ח֣וֹמַת גַּ֗ת וְאֵת֙ חוֹמַ֣ת יַבְנֵ֔ה וְאֵ֖ת חוֹמַ֣ת אַשְׁדּ֑וֹד וַיִּבְנֶ֣ה עָרִ֔ים בְּאַשְׁדּ֖וֹד וּבַפְּלִשְׁתִּֽים׃ (ז) וַיַּעְזְרֵ֨הוּ הָאֱלֹהִ֜ים עַל־פְּלִשְׁתִּ֧ים וְעַל־[הָעַרְבִ֛ים] (הערביים) הַיֹּשְׁבִ֥ים בְּגוּר־בָּ֖עַל וְהַמְּעוּנִֽים׃ (ח) וַיִּתְּנ֧וּ הָעַמּוֹנִ֛ים מִנְחָ֖ה לְעֻזִּיָּ֑הוּ וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ שְׁמוֹ֙ עַד־לְב֣וֹא מִצְרַ֔יִם כִּ֥י הֶחֱזִ֖יק עַד־לְמָֽעְלָה׃ (ט) וַיִּ֨בֶן עֻזִּיָּ֤הוּ מִגְדָּלִים֙ בִּיר֣וּשָׁלַ֔͏ִם עַל־שַׁ֧עַר הַפִּנָּ֛ה וְעַל־שַׁ֥עַר הַגַּ֖יְא וְעַל־הַמִּקְצ֑וֹעַ וַֽיְחַזְּקֵֽם׃ (י) וַיִּ֨בֶן מִגְדָּלִ֜ים בַּמִּדְבָּ֗ר וַיַּחְצֹב֙ בֹּר֣וֹת רַבִּ֔ים כִּ֤י מִקְנֶה־רַּב֙ הָ֣יָה ל֔וֹ וּבַשְּׁפֵלָ֖ה וּבַמִּישׁ֑וֹר אִכָּרִ֣ים וְכֹרְמִ֗ים בֶּהָרִים֙ וּבַכַּרְמֶ֔ל כִּי־אֹהֵ֥ב אֲדָמָ֖ה הָיָֽה׃ {ס}

(1) Then all the people of Judah took Uziyahu, who was sixteen years old, and proclaimed him king to succeed his father Amaziah. (2) (It was he who rebuilt Eloth and restored it to Judah after King [Amaziah] slept with his fathers.) (3) Uziyahu was sixteen years old when he became king, and he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem; his mother’s name was Yecholyah of Jerusalem. (4) He did what was pleasing to the Eternal just as his father Amaziah had done. (5) He applied himself to the worship of God during the time of Zechariah, instructor in the visions of God; during the time he worshiped the Eternal, God made him prosper. (6) He went forth to fight the Philistines, and breached the wall of Gath and the wall of Yavneh and the wall of Ashdod; he built towns in [the region of] Ashdod and among the Philistines. (7) God helped him against the Philistines, against the Arabs who lived in Gur-baal, and the Meunites. (8) The Ammonites paid tribute to Uzziah, and his fame spread to the approaches of Egypt, for he grew exceedingly strong. (9) Uziyahu built towers in Jerusalem on the Corner Gate and the Valley Gate and on the Angle, and fortified them. (10) He built towers in the wilderness and hewed out many cisterns, for he had much cattle, and farmers in the foothills and on the plain, and vine dressers in the mountains and on the fertile lands; for he was one who loved the soil.

(טו) וַיַּ֣עַשׂ ׀ בִּירוּשָׁלַ֨͏ִם חִשְּׁבֹנ֜וֹת מַחֲשֶׁ֣בֶת חוֹשֵׁ֗ב לִהְי֤וֹת עַל־הַמִּגְדָּלִים֙ וְעַל־הַפִּנּ֔וֹת לִירוֹא֙ בַּחִצִּ֔ים וּבָאֲבָנִ֖ים גְּדֹל֑וֹת וַיֵּצֵ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ עַד־לְמֵ֣רָח֔וֹק כִּֽי־הִפְלִ֥יא לְהֵעָזֵ֖ר עַ֥ד כִּֽי־חָזָֽק׃ (טז) וּכְחֶזְקָת֗וֹ גָּבַ֤הּ לִבּוֹ֙ עַד־לְהַשְׁחִ֔ית וַיִּמְעַ֖ל בַּיהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו וַיָּבֹא֙ אֶל־הֵיכַ֣ל יְהֹוָ֔ה לְהַקְטִ֖יר עַל־מִזְבַּ֥ח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ (יז) וַיָּבֹ֥א אַחֲרָ֖יו עֲזַרְיָ֣הוּ הַכֹּהֵ֑ן וְעִמּ֞וֹ כֹּהֲנִ֧ים ׀ לַיהֹוָ֛ה שְׁמוֹנִ֖ים בְּנֵי־חָֽיִל׃ (יח) וַיַּעַמְד֞וּ עַל־עֻזִּיָּ֣הוּ הַמֶּ֗לֶךְ וַיֹּ֤אמְרוּ לוֹ֙ לֹֽא־לְךָ֣ עֻזִּיָּ֗הוּ לְהַקְטִיר֙ לַיהֹוָ֔ה כִּ֣י לַכֹּהֲנִ֧ים בְּנֵֽי־אַהֲרֹ֛ן הַמְקֻדָּשִׁ֖ים לְהַקְטִ֑יר צֵ֤א מִן־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ֙ כִּ֣י מָעַ֔לְתָּ וְלֹֽא־לְךָ֥ לְכָב֖וֹד מֵיְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהִֽים׃ (יט) וַיִּזְעַף֙ עֻזִּיָּ֔הוּ וּבְיָד֥וֹ מִקְטֶ֖רֶת לְהַקְטִ֑יר וּבְזַעְפּ֣וֹ עִם־הַכֹּהֲנִ֗ים וְ֠הַצָּרַ֠עַת זָרְחָ֨ה בְמִצְח֜וֹ לִפְנֵ֤י הַכֹּֽהֲנִים֙ בְּבֵ֣ית יְהֹוָ֔ה מֵעַ֖ל לְמִזְבַּ֥ח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃ (כ) וַיִּ֣פֶן אֵלָ֡יו עֲזַרְיָ֩הוּ֩ כֹהֵ֨ן הָרֹ֜אשׁ וְכׇל־הַכֹּהֲנִ֗ים וְהִנֵּה־ה֤וּא מְצֹרָע֙ בְּמִצְח֔וֹ וַיַּבְהִל֖וּהוּ מִשָּׁ֑ם וְגַם־הוּא֙ נִדְחַ֣ף לָצֵ֔את כִּ֥י נִגְּע֖וֹ יְהֹוָֽה׃ (כא) וַיְהִי֩ עֻזִּיָּ֨הוּ הַמֶּ֜לֶךְ מְצֹרָ֣ע ׀ עַד־י֣וֹם מוֹת֗וֹ וַיֵּ֜שֶׁב בֵּ֤ית (החפשות) [הַֽחׇפְשִׁית֙] מְצֹרָ֔ע כִּ֥י נִגְזַ֖ר מִבֵּ֣ית יְהֹוָ֑ה וְיוֹתָ֤ם בְּנוֹ֙ עַל־בֵּ֣ית הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ שׁוֹפֵ֖ט אֶת־עַ֥ם הָאָֽרֶץ׃

(15) [King Uziyahu] made clever devices in Jerusalem, set on the towers and the corners, for shooting arrows and large stones. His fame spread far, for he was helped wonderfully, and he became strong. (16) When he was strong, he grew so arrogant he acted corruptly: he trespassed against his God by entering the Temple of the Eternal to offer incense on the incense altar. (17) The priest Azariah, with eighty other brave priests of the Eternal, followed him in (18) and, confronting King Uziyahu, said to him, “It is not for you, Uziyahu, to offer incense to the Eternal, but for the Aaronite priests, who have been consecrated, to offer incense. Get out of the Sanctuary, for you have trespassed; there will be no glory in it for you from the Eternal God.” (19) Uziyahu, holding the censer and ready to burn incense, got angry; but as he got angry with the priests, leprosy broke out on his forehead in front of the priests in the House of the Eternal beside the incense altar. (20) When the chief priest Azariah and all the other priests looked at him, his forehead was leprous, so they rushed him out of there; he too made haste to get out, for the Eternal had struck him with a plague. (21) King Uziyahu was a leper until the day of his death. He lived in isolated quarters as a leper, for he was cut off from the House of the Eternal—while Jotham his son was in charge of the king’s house and governed the people of the land.

(א) בֶּן־עֶשְׂרִ֨ים וְחָמֵ֤שׁ שָׁנָה֙ יוֹתָ֣ם בְּמׇלְכ֔וֹ וְשֵׁשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֣ה שָׁנָ֔ה מָלַ֖ךְ בִּירוּשָׁלָ֑͏ִם וְשֵׁ֣ם אִמּ֔וֹ יְרוּשָׁ֖ה בַּת־צָדֽוֹק׃ (ב) וַיַּ֨עַשׂ הַיָּשָׁ֜ר בְּעֵינֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֗ה כְּכֹ֤ל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה֙ עֻזִּיָּ֣הוּ אָבִ֔יו רַ֕ק לֹא־בָ֖א אֶל־הֵיכַ֣ל יְהֹוָ֑ה וְע֥וֹד הָעָ֖ם מַשְׁחִיתִֽים׃ (ג) ה֗וּא בָּנָ֛ה אֶת־שַׁ֥עַר בֵּית־יְהֹוָ֖ה הָעֶלְי֑וֹן וּבְחוֹמַ֥ת הָעֹ֛פֶל בָּנָ֖ה לָרֹֽב׃ (ד) וְעָרִ֥ים בָּנָ֖ה בְּהַר־יְהוּדָ֑ה וּבֶחֳרָשִׁ֣ים בָּנָ֔ה בִּירָנִיּ֖וֹת וּמִגְדָּלִֽים׃

(1) Yotam was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem; his mother’s name was Yerushah daughter of Tzadok. (2) He did what was pleasing to the Eternal just as his father Uziyahu had done, but he did not enter the Temple of the Eternal; however, the people still acted corruptly. (3) It was he who built the Upper Gate of the House of the Eternal; he also built extensively on the wall of Ophel. (4) He built towns in the hill country of Judah, and in the woods he built fortresses and towers.