The Talmudic tradition concerning the laws of Shabbat introduces a foundational concept dividing spaces into four distinct domains: Private, Public, Empty, and Exclusion (reshut hayachid, reshut harabim, karmelit, makom patur). While these classifications primarily guide the observance of Shabbat, they also provide a unique lens through which we can examine models of political order. By extending the taxonomy of Shabbat domains into the social and political realms, we can explore how different types of societies organise themselves, balance authority, and maintain civic peace.

The private domain, reshut hayachid, is characterized by controlled, enclosed spaces under the authority of a single entity or individual. In the political sphere, this corresponds to a society governed by a centralised authority. Here, order is maintained through clear hierarchical structures, with power concentrated in the hands of a few. Historical examples include monarchies or autocracies, where the sovereign's control and dominion over the public mirrors the Talmudic concept of "private" in the sense of a fully enclosed space (and not a matter of private vs public ownership).

In contrast, the public domain, reshut harabim, represents open spaces accessible to all. This domain aligns with democratic societies where governance is determined by the collective will of the people. Public spaces are regulated by communal norms and laws established through consensus. Modern democracies, with their emphasis on public participation and shared governance, exemplify this model, reflecting a political order rooted in the collective decision-making of the masses. The Talmudic concept of "public" refers to a space which is open (not enclosed) and where many people walk through.

The karmelit, or empty domain, is an intermediate space that is neither fully public nor entirely private. In political terms, it signifies a society lacking centralised control, often resulting in a state of anarchy or lawlessness. Historical instances of such conditions include the "Wild West" in 19th-century America, where absence of structured governance led to a chaotic and unpredictable social order. This domain illustrates the challenges and instability inherent in societies without authoritative governance.

Finally, the makom patur, or place of exemption, represents spaces that are excluded from the conventional rules of Shabbat. In a political context, this domain can be seen as an isolated enclave or a refuge, free from the overarching control of larger political entities. These spaces often provide a sanctuary from tyranny or societal norms. An example is a small egalitarian settlement, where members create a self-sustaining community based on principles of equality and mutual respect, distinct from the dominant political structures.

Recalling the Jerusalem Talmud's view of the four divisions of the Children of Israel before the splitting of the sea (JT Taanit 2:5), perhaps the four domains represent four choices for the Jews of diaspora...