Avos 1:13 נָגֵד שְׁמָא, אָבֵד שְׁמֵהּ (1)
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הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, נָגֵד שְׁמָא, אָבֵד שְׁמֵהּ. וּדְלֹא מוֹסִיף, יָסֵף. וּדְלֹא יָלֵיף, קְטָלָא חַיָּב. וּדְאִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בְּתָגָא, חָלֵף:
(13) He [also] used to say: one who makes his name great causes his name to be destroyed; one who does not add [to his knowledge] causes [it] to cease; one who does not study [the Torah] deserves death; one who makes [unworthy] use of the crown [of learning] shall pass away.

(א) נגד שמא אבד שמא

ור"ל, המעשה הא' שמרשם הגאותן, מי שרוצה להרחיב ולגדל שמו בעולם, ...אז זה ענשו, אבד שמיה, דמדרצה כבוד שאינו ראוי לו, יאבד גם להמעט שהיה לו [ולהכי קאמר ברישא שמא, ובסיפא שמיה, ודו"ק], וכמשחז"ל כל הרודף אחר הכבוד, הכבוד בורח ממנו...שחושב דברדפו אחר הכבוד יכבדוהו, וכשיתנהג בענווה ישפילוהו, ותהי להפך, דהמבקש ענווה ימצא כבוד, והמבקש כבוד ימצא בושה. כי גם בעודו בתקפו, העומדים לפניו בלשונם וכזבו לו, ויבזוהו בלבם. כי אולם אחריו כל אדם ישחק, ויכנוהו כסיל, וגאותן, שוטה. אולם כגללו, יד כל אדם בו, ולא יניחוהו להגביה ראשו.

וגם מן השמים נלחמו הכוכבים ממסילותם להורידו ולהשפילו, כי הקב"ה ובנ"א שונאים להגאותן כתועבה, ואפילו יהיו בו כל המדות היפות, יהיו כנרות כבויים, כשלא יציץ עליהן אור ענווה מלמעלה, דאל"כ הם בעיני כל "כנזם זהב באף חזיר":

וראיתי במוסרי הפילוסופים משל מסכים מכל צד ונאות למאמר השלם הזה אשר סופר מפלוסוף אחד שיצא לו שם על פני חוץ היותו גדול מאד במעלת הסבלנות. וכאשר שמע זה איש אחד אשר חשב שלא ימצא סבלן כפי המדרגה אשר תארו את הפלוסוף ההוא נתאוה לנסותו ובא אצלו וחרפו וגדפו ירוק ירק בפניו והכהו מכה רבה וכדי בזיון וקצף, והפלוסוף שתק לכל דבריו ולא השיבו דבר.

וכאשר ראה האיש ההוא שהיה סובל כל הבזיונות ההם הניחו והלך לו וכשהיה הולך לדרכו אמר לו הפלוסוף הנה הכרת בי שאני סבלן. אז השיבו האיש ההוא הן אמת מכירך הייתי לסבלן אם היית שותק ולא היית אומר לי זה. ע"כ.

והיא באמת תשובה נצחת. הרי שהפלוסוף ההוא אבד שמו שהיה לו על פני חוץ ממעלת הסבלנות במה שהורה היותו רוצה שיהיה לו השם ההוא. על כן אמר הלל שהמושך השם שהוא בהיותו מכוון אליו והוא תכליתו הנה שמו הקנוי לו יאבד, על כן ראוי שיהיה תכליתו בקשת הטוב במה שהוא טוב מצד עצמו כנז'.

See however https://torasavigdor.org/parshah-booklets/terumah-5783/ Artificial Man

(ב) ודלא מוסיף יסף. מי שהוא חכם ואינו רוצה להוסיף חכמה על חכמתו ויאמר בלבו כבר למדתי כל התורה כלה וראיתי דרכיה ונתיבותיה מה לי ולצרה הזאת לטרוח בהבל ימי ומה אתבונן בה ולא הבינותי. יהי רצון שזה האיש ימות ויאסף אל עמו ולמה יחיה עוד אחר שכבר קם מללמוד:
(1) He would say, "Spread a name, lose his name:" He means to say, a man that is proud and his name goes out in the world due to his pride and his greatness and he makes for himself a name 'like the names of the world's greats' in opposition to the great Name that is permanent in pride; this way, will he lose his name in a great loss and he will not be remembered and he will not be counted.
(2) And one who does not increase [knowledge] ceases (yasef)" One who is wise but does not want to add wisdom to his wisdom and says in his heart, "I have already learned all of the Torah entirely and I have seen its ways and its paths. What is there for me in this pain to trouble myself in my fleeting days and what [more] is there for me to understand that I have not understood?" May it be His will that this man should die and be gathered (yeasef) to his people. And why should he live [any] more, since he has already gotten up from studying?
(3) "And one who does not study is liable to die": One who has not studied at all is compared to a beast. As why was he created in the world? To understand and give ruling of the Torah, whose 'ways are ways of pleasantness. And it is not fitting that the one that never learned Torah and continues to maintain his evil [this way] live even one day and even one hour.
(4) "And one who makes use of the crown [of learning] passes away": Behold the one who gets honor from the crown of Torah and benefits from its honor and makes it like a means to accomplish his needs, perishes, as it is learned later (Avot 4:5), "Do not make it [the Torah] into a crown with which to aggrandize yourself, and not into a spade with which to dig into them. And thus Hillel used to say: And one who makes use of the crown [of learning] passes away."

Ruach Chaim

‫ויפורש עוד עפ"י מ"ש [משלי ט"ו] אורח חיים למעלה למשכיל למען סור משאול מטה‪.‬‬ ‫כי האדם יאמר לפעמים לא אלך בגדולות ודי לי אם על משמרתי אעמודה להחזיק‬ ‫בתומתי ויראתי ולא להוסיף.

‬אבל באמת אינו כן כי האדם אי אפשר לו לעמוד במקום‬ ‫אחד ואם לא יעלה על כרחך יפול‪ .‬לכן אמר אורח חיים למעלה למשכיל דאם לא יעלה‬ ‫על כרחך ירד לשאול מטה‪ .‬וזה שאמר ודלא מוסיף יסיף [ועיין לקמן פ"ד משנה ט' כל המקיים...]

רְאֵ֗ה אָנֹכִ֛י נֹתֵ֥ן לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם בְּרָכָ֖ה וּקְלָלָֽה. הביטה וראה שלא יהיה ענינך על אופן בינוני כמו שהוא המנהג בשאר האומות. כי אמנם אנכי נותן לפניכם היום ברכה וקללה והם שני הקצוות כי הברכה היא הצלחה יותר מן המספיק ע"צ היותר טוב. והקללה היא מארה מחסרת שלא יושג המספיק ושניהם לפניכם להשיג כפי מה שתבחרו:

ראה, pay good attention so that you will not be like the nations of the world who relate to everything half-heartedly, always trying to find middle ground. Remember that אנכי נותן לפניכם היום ברכה וקללה, I present you this day with the choice of two extremes, opposites. The ברכה is an extreme in that it provides you with more than you need, whereas the קללה is another extreme making sure that you have less than your basic needs. You have the choice of both before you; all you have to do is make a choice.

וְהִנֵּה יֵשׁ מֵהַפְּתָאִים הַמְבַקְּשִׁים רַק לְהָקֵל מֵעֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁיֹּאמְרוּ, לָמָּה נְיַגַּע עַצְמֵנוּ בְּכָל כָּךְ חֲסִידוּת וּפְרִישׁוּת, הֲלֹא דַּי לָנוּ שֶׁלֹּא נִהְיֶה מֵהָרְשָׁעִים הַנִּדּוֹנִים בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם. אֲנַחְנוּ לֹא נִדְחוֹק עַצְמֵנוּ לִכָּנֵס בְּגַן עֵדֶן לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים. אִם לֹא יִהְיֶה לָנוּ חֵלֶק גָּדוֹל, יִהְיֶה לָנוּ חֵלֶק קָטָן. אָנוּ דַּי לָנוּ בָּזֶה, וְלֹא נַכְבִּיד עַל מַשָּׂאֵנוּ בַּעֲבוּר זֹאת.

אָמְנָם שְׁאֵלָה אַחַת נִשְׁאַל מֵהֶם: הֲיוּכְלוּ כָּל כָּךְ עַל נְקַלָּה לִסְבֹּל בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה הַחוֹלֵף, לִרְאוֹת אֶחָד מֵחַבְרֵיהֶם מְכֻבָּד וּמְנֻשָּׂא יוֹתֵר מֵהֶם וּמוֹשֵׁל עֲלֵיהֶם וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אֶחָד מֵעַבְדֵיהֶם אוֹ מִן הָעֲנִיִּים הַנִּבְזִים וּשְׁפָלִים בְּעֵינֵיהֶם, וְלֹא יִצְטַעֲרוּ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה דָּמָם רוֹתֵחַ בְּקִרְבָּם? לֹא, וַדַּאי! כִּי הִנֵּה עֵינֵינוּ הָרוֹאוֹת: כָּל עֲמַל הָאָדָם, לְהִנָּשֵׂא עַל כָּל מִי שֶׁיּוּכַל וְלָשִׂים מְקוֹמוֹ בֵּין הָרָמִים יוֹתֵר, כִּי הִיא קִנְאַת אִישׁ מֵרֵעֵהוּ. וְאִם יִרְאֶה חֲבֵרוֹ מִתְרוֹמֵם וְהוּא נִשְׁאַר שָׁפָל, וַדַּאי שֶׁמָּה שֶׁיִּסְבֹּל הוּא מָה שֶׁיֻּכְרַח לְסָבְלוֹ, כִּי לֹא יוּכַל לִמְנֹעַ, וּלְבָבוֹ יִתְעַשֵּׁשׁ בְּקִרְבּוֹ.

מֵעַתָּה, אִם כָּךְ קָשֶׁה עֲלֵיהֶם לִהְיוֹת שְׁפָלִים מִזּוּלָתָם בַּמַּעֲלוֹת הַמְּדֻמּוֹת וְהַכּוֹזְבוֹת, שֶׁאֵין הַשִּׁפְלוּת בָּם אֶלָּא לְפָנִים, וְלֹא הַהִנָּשֵׁא אֶלָּא שָׁוְא וָשֶׁקֶר, אֵיךְ יוּכְלוּ לִסְבֹּל שֶׁיִּרְאוּ עַצְמָם שְׁפָלִים יוֹתֵר מֵאוֹתָם הָאֲנָשִׁים עַצְמָם אֲשֶׁר הֵם עַתָּה שְׁפָלִים מֵהֶם. וְזֶה בִּמְקוֹם הַמַּעֲלָה הָאֲמִתִּית וְהַיְּקָר הַנִּצְחִי, שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעַכְשָׁו אֵין מַכִּירִים אוֹתוֹ וְאֶת עֶרְכּוֹ, עַל כֵּן לֹא יָחוּשׁוּ אֵלָיו, אֲבָל בִּזְמַנּוֹ, וַדַּאי שֶׁיַּכִּירוּהוּ לַאֲמִתּוֹ לְצַעֲרָם וּלְבָשְׁתָּם, וַדַּאי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה לָהֶם זֶה אֶלָּא צַעַר גָּדוֹל וְנִצְחִי.

There are some simpletons who seek only to lighten the burden on themselves. They reply: "why should we weary ourselves with so much Piety and Separation? Is it not sufficient for us to not be among the wicked sentenced to Gehinom? We will not strain ourselves just to enter into the innermost chambers of Gan Eden. If we don't have a large portion, at least we will have a small portion. This is enough for us. We will not further burden the yoke of our load just for this." There is just one question that we will put to these people: can they so easily tolerate in this fleeting world the sight of one their peers being honored and elevated above them, and coming to rule over them? Or worse still, if this is one of their servants or one of the beggars which are lowly and despicable in their eyes. Would they not be filled with pain and would their blood not boil inside them?! Surely they could not! For behold we can see with our own eyes that all of a man's labor is to raise himself over anyone he can and to establish his place among those more elevated. This is jealousy between man and his fellow. For if he sees his fellow being elevated while he remains lowly, certainly what he tolerates will be only what he is forced to tolerate because of his inability to prevent it, but his heart will rot within him. Hence if it is so difficult for them to be lower than their fellow in levels that are imaginary and false, where a lower level is just a superficial appearance, and all elevation is just vanity and falsehood. How then will they tolerate seeing themselves lower than those same people who are now their inferiors? And this is in the place of true levels and eternal worth, which even though they don't recognize it and its worth now, therefore they don't give much concern for it, but in its time, certainly, they will understand it for what it truly is, to their pain and shame. There is no doubt, that their suffering in this will be enormous and everlasting. Hence, this "tolerance" which they adopt in order to lighten on themselves the severity of the service is but a deceit which their evil inclination employs to incite them, with no basis whatsoever in truth. There would be no room for this incitement if they saw the truth of the matter, but since they do not seek the truth, but go on in their erroneous ways willingly, this incitement will not leave them until the time when it will no longer avail. For it will not be in their power to rectify what they had ruined. This is what King Shlomo, peace be unto him, referred to: "Whatever your hand finds to do with your power, do it, for there is no deed, nor account, nor knowledge, nor wisdom [in the She'ol (grave) where you are going]" (Ecc.9:10). The explanation is that: what a man can do while the power is granted in his hands by the Creator, namely, the power of free will granted to him all the days of his life with which he chooses and is commanded to do, behold he will not be able to do more in the grave and pit. For this power [of free will] will no longer be in his hands. Thus one who has failed to do many good deeds in his lifetime, it is impossible for him to do them afterwards (since he no longer has free will after death). And he who did not make an accounting of his deeds [while alive] will no longer have the opportunity to do it then. And he who has not become wise in this world, will not become wise in the grave. This is the intent of: "for there is no deed nor account nor knowledge in the She'ol were you are going" (Ecc.9:10).

אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּר הֵי הֵי לְהִלֵּל, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״וְשַׁבְתֶּם וּרְאִיתֶם בֵּין צַדִּיק לְרָשָׁע בֵּין עוֹבֵד אֱלֹקִים לַאֲשֶׁר לֹא עֲבָדוֹ״, הַיְינוּ ״צַדִּיק״ — הַיְינוּ ״עוֹבֵד אֱלֹהִים״, הַיְינוּ ״רָשָׁע״ — הַיְינוּ ״אֲשֶׁר לֹא עֲבָדוֹ״!

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: ״עֲבָדוֹ״ וְ״לֹא עֲבָדוֹ״ — תַּרְוַיְיהוּ צַדִּיקֵי גְּמוּרֵי נִינְהוּ, וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה שׁוֹנֶה פִּרְקוֹ מֵאָה פְּעָמִים, לְשׁוֹנֶה פִּרְקוֹ מֵאָה וְאֶחָד.

The Gemara records another discussion between bar Hei Hei and Hillel. Bar Hei Hei said to Hillel: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Then you shall again discern between the righteous and the wicked, between he who serves God and he who does not serve Him” (Malachi 3:18). There are two redundancies here: “The righteous” is the same as “he who serves God,” and “the wicked” is the same as “he who does not serve Him.” Hillel said to him: The one “who serves Him” and the one “who does not serve Him” are both referring to completely righteous people. But the verse is hinting at a distinction between them, as one who reviews his studies one hundred times is not comparable to one who reviews his studies one hundred and one times.

"נהירנא שפעם אחת ריננתי אחר אחד מבאי ביתו של רבנו החזו"א שאינו מדקדק במצווה קלה כבחמורה, אז אמר לי שלא זכינו לכך שכל ישראל יהיו צדיקים גמורים ואין לרחק גם את אלה שהם במדרגה של בינוניים, אז מצאתי מקום לטעון: מה היא איפוא ההתנגדות החזקה למזרחי? הלא גם הם בכלל הבינוניים ומה חרי האף הגדול הזה?

על זה הסביר לי שההבדל הוא בזה, שמציאות הבינוניים אינה מהווה שיטה מיוחדת לכשלעצמה, וגם הבינוני מכיר ויודע שמוטב להיות צדיק גמור וכי יש לשאוף לכך שכולם יהיו צדיקים גמורים, רק אין לו אפשרות לכך בגלל אי-יכולתו לכבוש את יצרו ולעמוד בנסיון או סיבות אחרות,

אולם לעומת זאת המזרחי מהווה שיטה של "בינוניות" השואפת לכך שבני ישראל יהיו דווקא בינוניים ולא יותר וגם העמידו את שיטת החינוך שלהם על זה ומתייחסים בשלילה אל הצדיק הגמור, מבלי לראות בו את האדם השלם, ובזה טמונה סכנה גדולה."

(המקור לדברים: הרב שלמה כהן).

Torah Extremism and its Opposite

BY JONATHAN ROSENBLUM · JUNE 13, 2007

In Igros Chazon Ish (III, 61), the Chazon Ish identifies extremism as deriving from the quest for perfection, and writes that without extremism perfection is impossible. Those who are forever proclaiming their disdain for extremism, he writes, “will inevitably find themselves consorting with counterfeiters [of Torah] and the feeble-minded.”

The Chazon Ish goes on to castigate those groups who are always declaring their moderation and opposition to anything smacking of extremism, while insisting that their faith in Torah and the words of Torah is quite adequate. Of such claims, the Chazon Ish writes caustically, “Just as there is no such thing as a lover of wisdom who loves just a little bit of wisdom, but hates too much of it, so there cannot be one who loves Torah and mitzvos, but hates too much of it.”

Those words of the Chazon Ish should give pause to all of us who find ourselves complaining at one time or another of the extremism or kana’us of the Torah world. Such criticisms take many forms, some more valid than others. But it is incumbent upon the critics to constantly ask themselves if underlying their criticism might not have its source in too little love of Torah and words of Torah. It is, after all, always easy to be moderate if nothing very important is at stake.

(ג) ודלא יליף קטלא חייב.

מי שלא למד כל עיקר נמשל כבהמה כי למה נברא בעולם אך להבין ולהורות בתורה שדרכיה דרכי נועם וזה שלא עסק בתורה כל ימיו ועודנו מחזיק ברשעתו אין ראוי לחיות אפי' יום אחד ואפי' שעה אחת:

(1) He would say, "Spread a name, lose his name:" He means to say, a man that is proud and his name goes out in the world due to his pride and his greatness and he makes for himself a name 'like the names of the world's greats' in opposition to the great Name that is permanent in pride; this way, will he lose his name in a great loss and he will not be remembered and he will not be counted.

(2) And one who does not increase [knowledge] ceases (yasef)" One who is wise but does not want to add wisdom to his wisdom and says in his heart, "I have already learned all of the Torah entirely and I have seen its ways and its paths. What is there for me in this pain to trouble myself in my fleeting days and what [more] is there for me to understand that I have not understood?" May it be His will that this man should die and be gathered (yeasef) to his people. And why should he live [any] more, since he has already gotten up from studying?

(3) "And one who does not study is liable to die": One who has not studied at all is compared to a beast. As why was he created in the world? To understand and give ruling of the Torah, whose 'ways are ways of pleasantness. And it is not fitting that the one that never learned Torah and continues to maintain his evil [this way] live even one day and even one hour.

(4) "And one who makes use of the crown [of learning] passes away": Behold the one who gets honor from the crown of Torah and benefits from its honor and makes it like a means to accomplish his needs, perishes, as it is learned later (Avot 4:5), "Do not make it [the Torah] into a crown with which to aggrandize yourself, and not into a spade with which to dig into them. And thus Hillel used to say: And one who makes use of the crown [of learning] passes away."

אמר רבי אלעזר כל אדם לעמל נברא שנאמר (איוב ה, ז) "כי אדם לעמל יולד" איני יודע אם לעמל פה נברא אם לעמל מלאכה נברא, כשהוא אומר "כי אכף עליו פיהו" הוי אומר לעמל פה נברא

ועדיין איני יודע אם לעמל תורה אם לעמל שיחה כשהוא אומר (יהושע א, ח) "לא ימוש ספר התורה הזה מפיך" הוי אומר לעמל תורה נברא

Rabbi Elazar says: Every man was created for labor, as it is stated: “Man is born for toil” (Job 5:7). Based on this verse, I do not know whether he was created for toil of the mouth, speech, or whether he was created for the toil of labor. When the verse states: “For his mouth presses upon him” (Proverbs 16:26), you must say that he was created for toil of the mouth. And still I do not know with regard to the toil of the mouth whether it is for the toil of Torah or for the toil of conversation. When the verse states: “This Torah scroll shall not depart from your mouth” (Joshua 1:8), you must say that he was created for the toil of Torah. And that is the meaning of what Rava said: All bodies are like receptacles to store items until use. Happy is one who is privileged, who is a receptacle for Torah.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: פַּעַם אַחַת גָּזְרָה מַלְכוּת הָרְשָׁעָה שֶׁלֹּא יַעַסְקוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּתּוֹרָה. בָּא פַּפּוּס בֶּן יְהוּדָה וּמְצָאוֹ לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא שֶׁהָיָה מַקְהִיל קְהִלּוֹת בָּרַבִּים וְעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לוֹ: עֲקִיבָא אִי אַתָּה מִתְיָרֵא מִפְּנֵי מַלְכוּת?
אָמַר לוֹ: אֶמְשׁוֹל לְךָ מָשָׁל, לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה — לְשׁוּעָל שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ עַל גַּב הַנָּהָר, וְרָאָה דָּגִים שֶׁהָיוּ מִתְקַבְּצִים מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם. אָמַר לָהֶם: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹרְחִים? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי רְשָׁתוֹת שֶׁמְּבִיאִין עָלֵינוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם. אָמַר לָהֶם: רְצוֹנְכֶם שֶׁתַּעֲלוּ לַיַּבָּשָׁה, וְנָדוּר אֲנִי וְאַתֶּם, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁדָּרוּ אֲבוֹתַי עִם אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַתָּה הוּא שֶׁאוֹמְרִים עָלֶיךָ פִּקֵּחַ שֶׁבַּחַיּוֹת?! לֹא פִּקֵּחַ אַתָּה, אֶלָּא טִפֵּשׁ אַתָּה! וּמָה בִּמְקוֹם חִיּוּתֵנוּ, אָנוּ מִתְיָרְאִין, בִּמְקוֹם מִיתָתֵנוּ — עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.
אַף אֲנַחְנוּ עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁאָנוּ יוֹשְׁבִים וְעוֹסְקִים בַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהּ: ״כִּי הוּא חַיֶּיךָ וְאֹרֶךְ יָמֶיךָ״, כָּךְ, אִם אָנוּ הוֹלְכִים וּמְבַטְּלִים מִמֶּנָּה — עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה!
The Gemara relates at length how Rabbi Akiva fulfilled these directives. The Sages taught: One time, after the bar Kokheva rebellion, the evil empire of Rome decreed that Israel may not engage in the study and practice of Torah. Pappos ben Yehuda came and found Rabbi Akiva, who was convening assemblies in public and engaging in Torah study. Pappos said to him: Akiva, are you not afraid of the empire? Rabbi Akiva answered him: I will relate a parable. To what can this be compared? It is like a fox walking along a riverbank when he sees fish gathering and fleeing from place to place. The fox said to them: From what are you fleeing? They said to him: We are fleeing from the nets that people cast upon us. He said to them: Do you wish to come up onto dry land, and we will reside together just as my ancestors resided with your ancestors? The fish said to him: You are the one of whom they say, he is the cleverest of animals? You are not clever; you are a fool. If we are afraid in the water, our natural habitat which gives us life, then in a habitat that causes our death, all the more so. The moral is: So too, we Jews, now that we sit and engage in Torah study, about which it is written: “For that is your life, and the length of your days” (Deuteronomy 30:20), we fear the empire to this extent; if we proceed to sit idle from its study, as its abandonment is the habitat that causes our death, all the more so will we fear the empire.
״וַיִּתְיַצְּבוּ בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָר״, אָמַר רַב אַבְדִּימִי בַּר חָמָא בַּר חַסָּא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכָּפָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הָהָר כְּגִיגִית, וְאָמַר לָהֶם: אִם אַתֶּם מְקַבְּלִים הַתּוֹרָה מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו — שָׁם תְּהֵא קְבוּרַתְכֶם.
The Gemara cites additional homiletic interpretations on the topic of the revelation at Sinai. The Torah says, “And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet God; and they stood at the lowermost part of the mount” (Exodus 19:17). Rabbi Avdimi bar Ḥama bar Ḥasa said: the Jewish people actually stood beneath the mountain, and the verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, overturned the mountain above the Jews like a tub, and said to them: If you accept the Torah, excellent, and if not, there will be your burial. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: From here there is a substantial caveat to the obligation to fulfill the Torah. The Jewish people can claim that they were coerced into accepting the Torah, and it is therefore not binding. Rava said: Even so, they again accepted it willingly in the time of Ahasuerus, as it is written: “The Jews ordained, and took upon them, and upon their seed, and upon all such as joined themselves unto them” (Esther 9:27), and he taught: The Jews ordained what they had already taken upon themselves through coercion at Sinai.

עַל שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים הָעוֹלָם עוֹמֵד, עַל הַתּוֹרָה...

נ"ל דהתורה היא ההגיון ולמוד התורה.

והיינו דכתיב ״אִם לֹא בְרִיתִי יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה חֻקּוֹת שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ לֹא שָׂמְתִּי וְגוֹ׳״. כענין שנאמר (יהושע א׳:ח׳) "והגית בו יומם ולילה"

ON THE TORAH. Rav: had Israel not accepted the Torah, the heavens and the earth would not have been created, as per the verse “If not for my covenant, etc.” (Jeremiah 33:25). Rav was led to this interpretation because he was bothered by the superfluousness of “the sacrificial service, and acts of kindness” in the text, for both of these are commandments, the fulfillment of which is already included in “the Torah”; he therefore understood that the Torah must refer not to the Torah itself but to its acceptance. The verse in Jeremiah is now read as “if not for my covenant which you have accepted, I would not have established the day or the night, nor even the laws of the heavens and the earth.” See the mishna in Nedarim 3:11 for a similar interpretive turn.
The difficulty with this is that the mishna is using the expression “the world stands on three things” to convey the importance of doing those things, and in Rav’s reading the Torah” refers not to anything that one ought to do but to a historical event, and is out of place here. It seems, therefore, that “the Torah” here refers to the study and learning of Torah as opposed to the act of following its laws. The verse in Jeremiah, then, reads “if not for the study of my covenant by day and night, etc,” as per the verse “You shall study it day and night” (Hosea 1:8).
The words “had Israel not accepted the Torah” do not appear in Rashi’s commentary, which simply reads: On the Torah, as per the verse “If not for my covenant, etc.”.

ודישתמש בתגא חלף
שכל פעולותיו בצדקות ובמע"ט, הוא כדי להתגאות בעיני הבריות, ואין כוונתו לעבוד את ה׳, כ"א לעבוד א"ע כע"ז. לכן ענשו, ודאשתמש וכו', ר"נ המשתמש בכתר הקודש לתמוך בו עביט גאותו הסרוחה, אף הוא יחל כבודו, וחלף ועבר כצל יעוף ולא ישיג ארחות חיים:

רבי טרפון אשכחיה ההוא גברא בזמן שהוקפלו רוב המקצועות דקא אכיל, אחתיה בשקא ושקליה ואמטייה למשדי בנהרא, אמר "אוי לו לטרפון שזה הרגו" שמע ההוא גברא שבקיא וערק

א״ר אבהו משום ר׳ חנניה בן גמליאל כל ימיו של אותו צדיק היה מצטער על דבר זה אמר אוי לי שנשתמשתי בכתרה של תורה דאמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר ר׳ יוחנן כל המשתמש בכתרה של תורה נעקר מן העולם, ק״ו ומה בלשאצר שנשתמש בכלי קדש שנעשו חול [שנא׳ (יחזקאל ז כב) "ובאו בה פריצים וחללוה" כיון שפרצוה נעשה חול], נעקר מן העולם דכתיב (דניאל ה ל) "ביה בליליא קטיל בלשאצר" המשתמש בכתרה של תורה שהוא קיים לעולם ועד עאכ״ו.

... אמאי ציער נפשיה משום דר״ט עשיר גדול היה והוה ליה לפייסו בדמים:

(Fol. 62) R. Tarphon was met by a certain man during the season when people laid the figs in layers. While R. Tarphon was eating figs from that garden, the man [seemingly the owner of the garden,] put R. Tarphon into a bag on his shoulder and carried him away with the intention of throwing him into the river. R. Tarphon then whispered through the bag: "Woe unto Tarphon that he is going to be killed by this man." The man overheard it, and the result was that he left him in the bag and ran away. R. Abahu, in the name of R. Chanania b. Gamaliel, said that during the entire life of that righteous man (R. Tarphon) he suffered because of his incident and would say: "Woe unto me that I have made use of the crown of the Torah." For Rabba b. Chanania said in the name of R. Jochanan: "Whoever makes use of the crown of the Torah will be uprooted from the world." This we infer by applying a fortiori deduction. If [king] Belshazzar who made use of the sacred vessels of the Temple, which afterwards became secular, as it is said (Ez. 7, 22) And robbers shall enter into it and profane it; i.e., as soon as it was robbed it became profane (secular), nevertheless Belshazzar was uprooted from this world, as it is written (Dan. 5, 30) It was that night that Belshazzar the Chaldean king was slain, how much more so should it be applied to one who makes use of the crown of the Torah which endures forever." But why felt R. Tarphon sorry because of it, since he ate the figs [when it was legally permitted] during the season when the people lay them in layers? And again why was he attacked by the man? Because thieves used to break in that place during the entire year and would steal grapes from him, and as soon as he found R. Tarphon he thought that he was the thief. If so, then why was R. Tarphon sorry for it? Because R. Tarphon was a very wealthy man and he should have appeased him with some money."