The Search for a Shidukh for Yitzhak; The Problems
Chapter 24 has sixty-seven verses; it is very long. It contains the most repeated story in Humash - the mission of Avraham's servant to find a wife for Yitzhak. The story of the mission is repeated three times with different emphases reflecting the speaker's perspective. We know the purpose of the mission, and its repeats do not present different views of the search. Yet, Humash preserved these versions. How did Hazal understand the repetitions, and how did the great medieval commentaries explain them?
The mission is authorized by Avraham but, in the final scene, the agent does not report back to his master. Avraham and his agent simply drop out of the narrative. Chapter 24 concludes with the union of Yitzhak and Rivka.
In the opening verses of the chapter, Avraham expresses his plan quite clearly. The destination of his agent and the purpose of his mission are repeated numerous times by the Patriarch. Yet, when his agent recounts his mission, he makes various alterations in his report. The medieval commentaries all discuss this shift and provide differing interpretations.
(ג) וְאַשְׁבִּ֣יעֲךָ֔ בַּֽיהֹוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַשָּׁמַ֔יִם וֵֽאלֹהֵ֖י הָאָ֑רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִבְנִ֔י מִבְּנוֹת֙ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י יוֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃ (ד) כִּ֧י אֶל־אַרְצִ֛י וְאֶל־מוֹלַדְתִּ֖י תֵּלֵ֑ךְ וְלָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִבְנִ֥י לְיִצְחָֽק....
(ו) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖יו אַבְרָהָ֑ם הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְךָ֔ פֶּן־תָּשִׁ֥יב אֶת־בְּנִ֖י שָֽׁמָּה׃ (ז) יְהֹוָ֣ה ׀ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הַשָּׁמַ֗יִם אֲשֶׁ֨ר לְקָחַ֜נִי מִבֵּ֣ית אָבִי֮ וּמֵאֶ֣רֶץ מֽוֹלַדְתִּי֒ וַאֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּר־לִ֜י וַאֲשֶׁ֤ר נִֽשְׁבַּֽע־לִי֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְזַ֨רְעֲךָ֔ אֶתֵּ֖ן אֶת־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֑את ה֗וּא יִשְׁלַ֤ח מַלְאָכוֹ֙ לְפָנֶ֔יךָ וְלָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֛ה לִבְנִ֖י מִשָּֽׁם׃
(3) and I will make you swear by יהוה, the God of heaven and the God of the earth, that you will not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites among whom I dwell, (4) but will go to the land of my birth and get a wife for my son Isaac.”
(6) Abraham answered him, “On no account must you take my son back there! (7) יהוה, the God of heaven—who took me from my father’s house and from my native land, who promised me on oath, saying, ‘I will assign this land to your offspring’—will send a messenger before you, and you will get a wife for my son from there.
The interpretation of Rav Shmuel David Luzzatto. Italy; d. 1865.
(א) ה' ברך את אברהם בכל: הטעם שהיה עשיר, והזכיר זה להודיע, כי לא מבלתי נשים החפצות להזדווג לבנו שלח את עבדו למשפחתו; כי הכל חפצים להידבק בעשירים (רשב"ם).
(א) כי אל ארצי ואל מולדתי תלך: תלך אל ארצי ובהיותך שם תלך אל מולדתי כלומר אל משפחתי ולקחת אשה לבני; ממשפחתי אם תמצא, ואם לא תמצא ממשפחתי תיקח מעירי (דון יצחק). וכן משמע ממה שאמר אחר זה ולקחת אשה לבני משם, ר"ל מן הארץ או מן העיר ההיא;
ועוד סיוע לזה מהנחש [divination] שעשה אליעזר, שהרי אם היה מושבע ועומד שלא לקחת אלא ממשפחת אברהם, היה לו לשאול מיד - "איה בית נחור?" - ולא להמתין שתזדמן לו אשה מן השואבות, אשר בלא ספק רבות היו, ואשר ממשפחת נחור היו בטלות במיעוטן בין כל בנות העיר.
The Agent's Repeated Emphatic Description of the Mission to the family of Lavan
(לד) וַיֹּאמַ֑ר עֶ֥בֶד אַבְרָהָ֖ם אָנֹֽכִי׃ (לה) וַיהֹוָ֞ה בֵּרַ֧ךְ אֶת־אֲדֹנִ֛י מְאֹ֖ד וַיִּגְדָּ֑ל.... (לו) וַתֵּ֡לֶד שָׂרָה֩ אֵ֨שֶׁת אֲדֹנִ֥י בֵן֙ לַֽאדֹנִ֔י אַחֲרֵ֖י זִקְנָתָ֑הּ וַיִּתֶּן־ל֖וֹ אֶת־כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר־לֽוֹ׃ (לז) וַיַּשְׁבִּעֵ֥נִי אֲדֹנִ֖י לֵאמֹ֑ר לֹא־תִקַּ֤ח אִשָּׁה֙ לִבְנִ֔י מִבְּנוֹת֙ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּאַרְצֽוֹ׃ (לח) אִם־לֹ֧א אֶל־בֵּית־אָבִ֛י תֵּלֵ֖ךְ וְאֶל־מִשְׁפַּחְתִּ֑י וְלָקַחְתָּ֥ אִשָּׁ֖ה לִבְנִֽי׃ (לט) וָאֹמַ֖ר אֶל־אֲדֹנִ֑י אֻלַ֛י לֹא־תֵלֵ֥ךְ הָאִשָּׁ֖ה אַחֲרָֽי׃ (מ) וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אֵלָ֑י יְהֹוָ֞ה אֲשֶׁר־הִתְהַלַּ֣כְתִּי לְפָנָ֗יו יִשְׁלַ֨ח מַלְאָכ֤וֹ אִתָּךְ֙ וְהִצְלִ֣יחַ דַּרְכֶּ֔ךָ וְלָקַחְתָּ֤ אִשָּׁה֙ לִבְנִ֔י מִמִּשְׁפַּחְתִּ֖י וּמִבֵּ֥ית אָבִֽי׃ (מא) אָ֤ז תִּנָּקֶה֙ מֵאָ֣לָתִ֔י כִּ֥י תָב֖וֹא אֶל־מִשְׁפַּחְתִּ֑י וְאִם־לֹ֤א יִתְּנוּ֙ לָ֔ךְ וְהָיִ֥יתָ נָקִ֖י מֵאָלָתִֽי׃
(34) “I am Abraham’s servant,” he began. (35) “יהוה has greatly blessed my master, who has become rich.... (36) And Sarah, my master’s wife, bore my master a son in her old age, and he has assigned to him everything he owns. (37) Now my master made me swear, saying, ‘You shall not get a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites in whose land I dwell; (38) but you shall go to my father’s house, to my kindred, and get a wife for my son.’ (39) And I said to my master, ‘What if the woman does not follow me?’ (40) He replied to me, ‘יהוה, whose ways I have followed, will send a messenger with you and make your errand successful; and you will get a wife for my son from my kindred, from my father’s house. (41) Thus only shall you be freed from my adjuration: if, when you come to my kindred, they refuse you—only then shall you be freed from my adjuration.’
Avraham's agent is delighted - possibly surprised - at his success (God's direction?):
(27) and said, “Blessed be יהוה, the God of my master Abraham’s [house], who has not withheld steadfast faithfulness from my master. For I have been guided on my errand by יהוה, to the house of my master’s kin.”
Lockshin comments: "This declaration sounds like that of a man who was not planning to find a girl that was his master's relative, and is in awe of divine providence."
Another problem with the text: the showering of gifts upon the girl. Note how the agent alters the sequence of the events when he recounts them to Lavan's family. Below is she description of the encounter as it occured.
(יג) הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל־עֵ֣ין הַמָּ֑יִם וּבְנוֹת֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י הָעִ֔יר יֹצְאֹ֖ת לִשְׁאֹ֥ב מָֽיִם׃ (יד) וְהָיָ֣ה הַֽנַּעֲרָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֹמַ֤ר אֵלֶ֙יהָ֙ הַטִּי־נָ֤א כַדֵּךְ֙ וְאֶשְׁתֶּ֔ה וְאָמְרָ֣ה שְׁתֵ֔ה וְגַם־גְּמַלֶּ֖יךָ אַשְׁקֶ֑ה אֹתָ֤הּ הֹכַ֙חְתָּ֙ לְעַבְדְּךָ֣ לְיִצְחָ֔ק וּבָ֣הּ אֵדַ֔ע כִּי־עָשִׂ֥יתָ חֶ֖סֶד עִם־אֲדֹנִֽי׃ (טו) וַֽיְהִי־ה֗וּא טֶ֘רֶם֮ כִּלָּ֣ה לְדַבֵּר֒ וְהִנֵּ֧ה רִבְקָ֣ה יֹצֵ֗את אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֻלְּדָה֙ לִבְתוּאֵ֣ל בֶּן־מִלְכָּ֔ה אֵ֥שֶׁת נָח֖וֹר אֲחִ֣י אַבְרָהָ֑ם וְכַדָּ֖הּ עַל־שִׁכְמָֽהּ׃ (יז) וַיָּ֥רׇץ הָעֶ֖בֶד לִקְרָאתָ֑הּ וַיֹּ֕אמֶר הַגְמִיאִ֥ינִי נָ֛א מְעַט־מַ֖יִם מִכַּדֵּֽךְ.... (יט) וַתְּכַ֖ל לְהַשְׁקֹת֑וֹ וַתֹּ֗אמֶר גַּ֤ם לִגְמַלֶּ֙יךָ֙ אֶשְׁאָ֔ב עַ֥ד אִם־כִּלּ֖וּ לִשְׁתֹּֽת.... (כב) וַיְהִ֗י כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר כִּלּ֤וּ הַגְּמַלִּים֙ לִשְׁתּ֔וֹת וַיִּקַּ֤ח הָאִישׁ֙ נֶ֣זֶם זָהָ֔ב בֶּ֖קַע מִשְׁקָל֑וֹ וּשְׁנֵ֤י צְמִידִים֙ עַל־יָדֶ֔יהָ עֲשָׂרָ֥ה זָהָ֖ב מִשְׁקָלָֽם׃ (כג) וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ בַּת־מִ֣י אַ֔תְּ הַגִּ֥ידִי נָ֖א לִ֑י הֲיֵ֧שׁ בֵּית־אָבִ֛יךְ מָק֥וֹם לָ֖נוּ לָלִֽין׃
(13) Here I stand by the spring as the daughters of the townspeople come out to draw water; (14) let the maiden to whom I say, ‘Please, lower your jar that I may drink,’ and who replies, ‘Drink, and I will also water your camels’—let her be the one whom You have decreed for Your servant Isaac. Thereby shall I know that You have dealt graciously with my master.” (15) He had scarcely finished speaking, when Rebekah, who was born to Bethuel, the son of Milcah the wife of Abraham’s brother Nahor, came out with her jar on her shoulder.... (19) When she had let him drink his fill, she said, “I will also draw for your camels, until they finish drinking.” (20) Quickly emptying her jar into the trough, she ran back to the well to draw, and she drew for all his camels. (21) The man, meanwhile, stood gazing at her, silently wondering whether יהוה had made his errand successful or not. (22) When the camels had finished drinking, the man took a gold nose-ring weighing a half-shekel, and two gold bands for her arms, ten shekels in weight. (23) “Pray tell me,” he said, “whose daughter are you? Is there room in your father’s house for us to spend the night?”
Here's how the agent recounted the event.
(47) I inquired of her, ‘Whose daughter are you?’ And she said, ‘The daughter of Bethuel, son of Nahor, whom Milcah bore to him.’ And I put the ring on her nose and the bands on her arms.
(א) ויאמר בת מי את. לְאַחַר שֶׁנָּתַן לָהּ שְׁאָלָהּ, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה בָּטוּחַ בִּזְכוּתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהִצְלִיחַ הַקָּבָּ"ה דַּרְכּוֹ:
(1) ויאמר בת מי את AND HE SAID, WHOSE DAUGHTER ART THOU? — He asked her this after he had given her these presents, for he was confident that, on account of the merit of Abraham, the Holy One blessed be He, had made his journey successful.
(1) ואשאל...ואשם AND I ASKED HER ... AND I PUT THE RING —He changed the order of proceedings for in fact he had first given the presents and afterwards questioned her. But he did this in order that they should not catch him by his own words and say, "How could you give her anything when you did not yet know who she was!"
Lockshin remarks: "Rashi admits that the servant changed the order...but attributes a pragmatic reason for the change.... Though the servant "knew" through faith that the young woman was from the right family, he did not expect the Mesopotamians to understand certainty that was based on faith. So he changed the order of events when retelling so they would not doubt the credibility of his report."
(א) ויקח האיש נזם זהב - יש לומר שאחר ששאל לה "בת מי את", נתן לה כמו שכתוב בפנינו בסיפור דבריו, אלא שלא להפסיק סדר דבריו ותשובת דבריה, לכן הקדים מעשה נתינתה שנתן לה.
(1) ויקח האיש נזם זהב, one is entitled to assume that Eliezer first had asked her about whose family she belonged to (verse 23) The reason why things were not written in this order is in order not to interrupt the sequence of the story by questions and answers. This is why the Torah reported first about Eliezer giving Rivkah the jewelry.
(א) וַיִּקַּח הָאִישׁ נֶזֶם זָהָב וּשְׁנֵי צְמִידִים עַל יָדֶיהָ הַכָּתוּב הַזֶּה יֶחְסַר הַמַּעֲשֶׂה, שֶׁהָיָה צָרִיךְ שֶׁיֹּאמַר "וַיִּקַּח הָאִישׁ נֶזֶם זָהָב וַיִּתֵּן עַל אַפָּהּ וּשְׁנֵי צְמִידִים עַל יָדֶיהָ".
וּלְכָךְ אֲנִי אוֹמֵר כִּי פֵּרוּשׁוֹ וַיִּקַּח הָאִישׁ נֶזֶם זָהָב וּשְׁנֵי צְמִידִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ עַל יָדֶיהָ, וַיֹּאמֶר לָהּ בַּת מִי אַתְּ, וְאַחֲרֵי שֶׁאָמְרָה אֵלָיו "בַּת בְּתוּאֵל אָנֹכִי" שָׂם הַנֶּזֶם עַל אַפָּהּ וְהַצְּמִידִים עַל יָדֶיהָ, כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר לָהֶם, אֲבָל חָסֵר כָּאן הַנְּתִינָה, וְכֵן בִּמְקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים:
(1) AND THE MAN TOOK A GOLDEN RING… AND TWO BRACELETS UPON HER HANDS. This verse omits the deed for it should have said: “And the man took a golden ring and put it upon her nose and two bracelets upon her hands.”
Therefore I say that the interpretation of the verse is as follows: And the man took a golden ring and two bracelets which would be upon her hands, and he said to her, Whose daughter art thou? And after she had told him, I am the daughter of Bethuel, he put the ring upon her nose and the bracelets upon her hands, as he told them. Here, however, Scripture omits the actual giving, and similarly in many places.
(3) and I will make you swear by יהוה, the God of heaven and the God of the earth, that you will not take a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites among whom I dwell, (4) but will go to the land of my birth and get a wife for my son Isaac.”
Lockshin then considers that "artzi" and "moladeti" might be a hendiadys, where two words are combined to express a common meaning or idea: i.e., my birthplace or native land, implying a special cultural affinity with the land and its people. This could indicate the special connection Avraham had with some of the people in the land, which was surely fulfilled by his own family members. Thus, this hendiadys could be a hint to the agent that if his own family could be located, a wife from such folk would be preferred.