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https://outorah.org/p/159052

Part 2

3 MASHALIM (ANALOGIES), TESTS FOR TZADIKIM (RIGHTEOUS) VS. EVERYONE

MIDRASHIM WITH THE THREE MASHALIM (ANALOGIES)

Bereshit Rabba (32:3) tells us:

“Hashem tests the tzadik, but He hates the soul of the rasha (evil one) and the lover of violence.”

The craftsman does not test defective vessels because they cannot withstand even a single blow without breaking. And which ones does He check? The strong vessels — even if he would bang on them many times, they wouldn’t break. Similarly, G-d does not test the wicked but only the righteous…

When a flax worker knows that his flax is good, [he knows that] the more he beats it the more it improves and changes. And when he knows that the flax is bad, [he knows that] it will not be able to withstand even a single blow without breaking. Similarly, G-d does not test the wicked but only the righteous…

When a person has two bulls, one of which is strong and the other weak, upon which one does he place the yoke? Isn’t it on the strong one? Similarly G-d tests only the tzadikim.

Also Bereshit Rabba (Parshat Noach — 32:3), Bereshit Rabba (Parshat Noach — 34:2), Bereshit Rabba (Parshat Vayera — 55:2), Shir HaShirim (2:35), Medrash Tehillim (Socher Tov #11), Yalkut Shimoni — Tehillim (247/654)

The Meforshim (commentaries) discuss these medrashim —

The concept of these three mashalim (analogies) is to teach us that a nisayon has three different aspects. A nisayon could be for the sake of the tester — the one being tested — or for the onlookers. And since these medrashim tell us that Hashem tests only the tzadik, they bring mashalim which are fitting specifically for a tzadik to be tested.

The mashal of the vessels, where the good one is hit, is not to improve it, but rather to see how strong it is. This is for the sake of the buyers who see that the merchandise is good [i.e., for publicity]. The righteousness of the tzadik needs to be completely expressed in terms of midat hadin (the quality of justice), and not remain merely in potential. The tzadikim are evaluated and tested so that people will know their accomplishments, and why Hashem gave them benefit. This is also [so to speak] for the sake of Hashem, the Tester — to publicize His love, without any suspicion that He was [unfairly] favoring the tzadik, G-d forbid. This is the matter of Avraham and requires the nisayon to be on a mitzvat asei (positive commandment), so that others will see what a wondrous thing he actually did, like the Akeidah, to fulfill the mitzvat asei.

The mashal of the flax, where it is struck, is not to see how strong it is, but rather to improve it and fix it. Through the banging, it becomes white and pure. With this nisayon, which Hashem uses to test the tzadik, He will bring yissurim shel ahavah (difficulties from love) upon him to cleanse and purify his soul. This nisayon is for the sake of the person himself. His actions should improve through the nisyonot which he stood up to, to purify and prepare him in terms of his avodat Hashem (service of G-d).

This will remove impurities of the yetzer hara (negative inclination) from him, to purify him, like one purifies silver. This could [even] involve bringing him to [a situation where he may be tempted to] transgress, and then beginning a war between his yetzer hatov (positive inclination) and his yetzer hara (negative inclination). In his righteousness he will be able to conquer the yetzer hara.

This is a nisayon through [the temptation of] a transgression. [And, for example,] this is the matter of Yosef, and similar cases.

And, finally, the mashal of the bull is neither to see how strong it is, nor to improve it. Rather, it is referring to a situation where its owner has many burdens and is testing his bull – perhaps it can carry more [for the sake of the world], which will [also] be good for it. The more the bull can carry, the more food [i.e., s’char (spiritual benefit)] the owner will give it afterwards.

Yissurim and nisyonot sometimes come upon a tzadik, [instead of] Hashem bringing negative decrees upon the world. The tzadik is able to bear the decrees for the sake of the entire world, to atone for them, and to protect them. This is compared to the two bulls, where the yoke is placed on the stronger one. Similarly, when Hashem wants to bring the yoke of His decrees for the transgressions of the world, He brings it on the strong ones, who are able to stand up to His decrees and His yoke.

Hashem tests the tzadik, by bringing yissurim upon him, to test whether he will accept them with love, for the sake of the generation, without rebelling. This is learned from Noach, since the yoke of yissurim were placed upon Noach in the ark.

Any one of these three aspects could explain why a tzadik is given a nisayon.

Sometimes he is tested like a vessel, to know how strong he is in his righteousness.

Other times he is like the flax, which is able to be improved by the nisayon.

And he can also be compared to the bull. When Hashem needs to give a large onesh (negative consequences for bad behavior) to the generation, He may place a large amount on the tzadik (righteous person) and afterwards give him much s’char (benefit).

(Netziv, HaEmek Davar — Bereshit 22:1 — Akeidah, Malbym — Bereshit 22 — Akeidah, — Derech Chaim — Pirkei Avot 5:3, HaMarzu — quoted by Maharal in Derech Chaim — Pirkei Avot 5:3, and Alshich — Bereshit 22:1 — Akeidah)

וְהָאֱלֹקִים נִסָּה אֶת אַבְרָהָם עִנְיַן הַנִּסָּיוֹן הוּא לְדַעְתִּי בַּעֲבוּר הֱיוֹת מַעֲשֵׂה הָאָדָם רְשׁוּת מֻחְלֶטֶת בְּיָדוֹ, אִם יִרְצֶה יַעֲשֶׂה וְאִם לֹא יִרְצֶה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה, יִקָּרֵא "נִסָּיוֹן" מִצַּד הַמְּנֻסֶּה, אֲבָל הַמְּנַסֶּה יִתְבָּרַךְ יְצַוֶּה בּוֹ לְהוֹצִיא הַדָּבָר מִן הַכֹּחַ אֶל הַפֹּעַל, לִהְיוֹת לוֹ שְׂכַר מַעֲשֶׂה טוֹב, לֹא שְׂכַר לֵב טוֹב בִּלְבַד. דַּע כִּי הַשֵּׁם צַדִּיק יִבְחָן (תהלים י"א:ה'), כְּשֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ בְּצַדִּיק שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה רְצוֹנוֹ וְחָפֵץ לְהַצְדִּיקוֹ יְצַוֶּה אוֹתוֹ בְּנִסָּיוֹן, וְלֹא יִבְחַן אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ. וְהִנֵּה כָּל הַנִּסְיוֹנוֹת שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה לְטוֹבַת הַמְּנֻסֶּה:
AND G-D TRIED ABRAHAM. The matter of “trial,” in my opinion, is as follows: Since a man’s deeds are at his absolute free command, to perform them or not to perform them at his will, on the part of one who is tried it is called “a trial.” But on the part of the One, blessed be He, who tries the person, it is a command that the one being tested should bring forth the matter from the potential into actuality so that he may be rewarded for a good deed, not for a good thought alone.
Know further that G-d trieth the righteous, for knowing that the righteous will do His will, He desires to make him even more upright, and so He commands him to undertake a test, but He does not try the wicked, who would not obey. Thus all trials in the Torah are for the good of the one who is being tried.
והאלהים נסה את אברהם. י"א כי הסמ"ך תחת שי"ן, והה"א תחת האל"ף וטעם כל הפרשה יכחישם רק נסה כמשמעו ואנשי שיקול הדעת אמרו, כי הדעות הם שתים האחת דעת העתיד בטרם היותו, והשנית דעת היש הנמצא, וזה פי' נסה, גם כי עתה ידעתי והגאון אמר שמלת נסה להראות צדקתו לבני אדם, גם מלת ידעתי כטעם הודעתי והלא ידע זה הגאון, כי בשעה שעקד בנו לא הי' שם אפילו נעריו ואחרים אמרו כי פי' והעלהו שם לעולה שיעלהו אל ההר, וזאת תחשב לו לעולה, ואברהם לא ידע סוד הנבואה, וימהר לשחוט אותו, והשם אמר לו לא בקשתי זאת. ואחרים אמרו הראה שתעלהו לעולה כמו "והשקית אותם יין" (ירמי' לה ב) והוצרכו אלה הגאונים לפי' האלה, כי יאמרו לא יתכן אחר שיצוה השם מצוה שיאמר אח"כ לא תעשינה והנה לא שמו על לב הבכורים שהחליפם בלוים אחר שנה ואחר שהכתוב אומר בתחלה "והאלהים נסה את אברהם" סרו כל הטענות והשם נסהו כדי שיקבל שכר
THAT GOD DID PROVE ABRAHAM. Some say that the word nissah (did prove, tested) is a variation of nissa (lifted up), with the sin replacing the samekh and the heh replacing the alef. However, the plain meaning of the entire chapter contradicts this interpretation. The word nissah is thus to be taken literally. The philosophers teach that there are two kinds of knowledge, knowledge of events prior to their occurrence, and knowledge of what is presently in existence. The latter is the meaning of God did prove, and for now I know (v. 12). Saadiah Gaon says that did prove means that God tested Abraham in order to demonstrate his piety to mankind; furthermore, he interprets for now I know that thou art a God-fearing man (v. 12) to mean that now I have made known to all that thou art a God-fearing man. But didn’t Saadiah know that even Abraham’s young men were not present when he bound Isaac and placed him on the altar? Others say that and offer him there for a burnt offering is to be interpreted as: bring him up to the mountain; this will be considered as if you brought him up as a burnt offering. However, Abraham did not understand his prophetic vision and hurried to sacrifice Isaac. God then told him, “I did not ask you to slay Isaac.”Still others say that God told Abraham: act as if you were bringing him up as a burnt offering. We find a similar occurrence in connection with the prophet Jeremiah, who was commanded to Go unto the house of the Rechabites…and give them wine to drink (Jer. 35:2). Now these geonim offered the above interpretations because they held that it is not possible that God would issue a command and then take it back. However, they overlooked the fact that God took the firstborn to serve Him and after a year replaced them with the Levites. In reality all questions are removed by Scripture’s first stating that God did prove Abraham. The reason God tested Abraham was in order to reward him.
נסה את אברהם. כיון שיהיה בפעל אוהב וירא כמו שהיה בכח ובזה ידמה יותר לבוראו שהוא טוב לעולם בפועל כי אמנם הכונה במציא' האדם היתה שידמה לבוראו כפי האפשר כאשר העיד באמרו נעשה אדם בצלמנו כדמותנו:
נסה את אברהם, to demonstrate that Avraham’s love for G’d as well as his fear of G’d was not merely potential but actual, much as G’d's goodness is not merely potential but actual. The purpose of man’s existence is to emulate the virtues of G’d, and by means of this “test” Avraham had an opportunity to demonstrate this. When G’d created man He had set Himself the objective of “let us make man in Our image etc.,” i.e. as much like Divine beings as is it possible for a creature to be . (Genesis 1,26)
נסה את אברהם. הביאו לידי נסיון שלא יוכל שטן ומקטרג ובעל הדין לומר עליו החנם ירא אברהם הלא סך בעדו ובעד כל אשר לו וגם המלכים כורתים עמו ברית כדרך שאמר על איוב וביקש ממנו דבר החביב עליו יותר מגופו וממונו וכיון שלא מנעו ולא נתרעם לומ' הלא אמרת לי כי ביצחק יקרא לך זרע ועכשיו אתה אומר לשוחטו ולשרפו ולא די אם היה נשחט ע"י אחרים שנתת לי להקהות בו את שניי אלא שאתה אומר לי לשחטו בידי וכיון שכל זה לא חשב כלום אלא סמך על מצותו של הק':
God tested Avraham: He brought him to a test, such that the Accuser (Satan), the prosecutor and the litigator could not say about him, "Does Avraham fear for nothing; did He not protect him and protect everything he has; and even the kings make a pact with him" - in the way that he said [it] about Iyov (Job 1:9-10). So He requested something from him that was more beloved to him than his body and his money. And [it could not be challenged] because he did not prevent it and he did not [even] argue, saying, "Did You not say to me, 'For it is through Yitzchak that your seed will be called,' and now You say to slaughter him and to burn him; and would it not be enough if he would be slaughtered by others, such that I could grind my teeth at him, that You rather tell me to kill him with my hands?" And it is since he did not think any of this at all, but rather had confidence in the commandment of the Holy One.
נסה את אברהם. אמרו המפרשים שאין המכוון בנסיון זה ענין בחינה (פריפען) לדעת מה שלא היה יודע מקודם, כי לפניו ית' כל הדברים העתידים להיות גלויים מקודם, אבל ענינו שהביא את אברהם לעשות דבר קשה ונפלא, כי גם השלם בתכלית השלמות והיראה בכח, אם בא לידי נסיונות קשות וחזקות והוא מנצח אותם וגובר עליהם בפעל, תגדל מעלתו וערכו בעבור התאמצות כחותיו בפעל להתגבר עליהם, ופעולת העקידה אף שלא הוסיפה ידיעה ובירור ספק בעצם המנסה, הלא הוסיפה שלמות וערך במנוסה, שהתעצם במדה גדולה זאת ותגדל שכרו, ולפי"ז תרגום נסה (אין פערזוכונג געראטהען לאססען), ולרבותינו נסה גדלו כנס הזה (ב"ר), וכ"א במכדרשב"י (ויקרא דח"י) כד"א ואל עמים ארים ניסי, פי' לשון התרוממות, כענין כנשוא נס הרים תראו, כי הפעל הנפלא הלזה שעשה אברהם בדבר ה', עומד לנס עמים כדגל רם ונשא, אליו כולם ידרושו ויביטו אחריו, כי אחר שהעיד הקב"ה בתורתו על המעשה הנפלא הלזה, עדות ה' נאמנה וכל בני אדם מודים ומאמינים באמתות הספור הזה, כאלו בעינינו ראינו את המעשה כי נורא הוא, ובזה אברהם כדגל ונס לכל העולם ללמוד ממנו להתדמות אליו לעבוד את ה' בכל לבבינו ובכל נפשינו כמו שעשה אברהם; ואין טענה על רבותינו כי נס שרשו נסס וזה שרשו נסה, כי מקומות אין מספר יודיעונו כי שרשי הכפולים נחי ל"ה יסוד שרשם ב' אותיות ועיקר הוראתם אחד, ואין הבדל ביניהם רק בפרטי וצדדי הוראתם; ולפי"ז יתורגם נסה (זיינע ערהאבענהייט געצייגט); ויש ליתן תבלין לזה, כי עיקר הוראת שם נס הוא אות וסימן, כי תרגום ונשא נס לגוים (ישעיהו ה׳:כ״ו) ויזקף אות, עד מתי אראה נס (ירמיהו ד׳:כ״א) תרגומו סימן, וכ"כ רש"י שם בישעיה, ויהיה לנס (פינחס כ"ו) תרגומו ויהון לאות, וטעמו עונש הנפלא הנעשה בעדת קרח הוא אות וסימן לכל הממרה בו ית', ומעיקר הוראה זו ישמש שרש נס לכל דבר שהמכוון בו היותו לאות וסימן, הדגל (פאהנע) שהוא אות וסימן למחנה ללכת אחריו נקרא נס, ונשא נס לגוים; המפה אשר בכלונס הספינה שהוא אות וסימן לפניית צדדי הרוחות יקרא נס, בל פרשו נס; ממעשה הנפלא אשר יורה על מעלת האיש אמר במשיח ה' (ישעיה א') עומד לנס עמים אליו גוים ידרושו, כי מעשיו הנפלאים יהיו אות וסימן לכל באי עולם עד שידעו אמתותו; וגם אהבת ה' הנפלאה אשר הראה אברהם במעשה זה (בזמן השלילה כאשר יבא לפנינו) הוא אות וסימן לכל דורות הבאים עד היכן תגיע היכולת באדם להתנשא ולהתרומם במדרגת אהבת ה'; ולפי"ז יתורגם: נסה את אברהם: (ער האט אברהם צום צייכען געמאכט, איהן אלס פאָרבילד אונד מוסטער דארגעשטעללט) - ודע שבכל המקומות שיסופר ענין מה אחר לשון ויהי ויהי אחר הדברים האלה יקדם הפעל ויאוחר השם, כמו אחרי הדברים האלה היה דבר ה' (לך לך ט"ו), ויהי אחר הדברים האלה ותשא אשת אדוניו (וישב ל"ט), אחרי הדברים האלה חטאו משקה (שם מ'), ויהי אחרי הדברים האלה ויאמר ליוסף (ויחי מ"ח), וכאן אמר ויהי אחרי הדברים האלה והאלהים נסה, והי' ראוי נסה אלהי', ולא ידעתי טעמו:
ויהי אחר הדברים האלה פרש״‎י אחר דבריו של שטן וכו׳‎ וי״‎א אחר דבריו של ישמעאל. מה שפרש״‎י כך היינו משום דאמרינן בעלמא כל מקום שנאמר אחר סמוך, והכא לא מצינן למימר הכי כמו שפירש רש״‎י כאן. ואותה שנה קדמה לעקדת יצחק שתים עשרה שנה. וי״‎מ אחר הדברים האלה שכרת אברהם ברית עם אבימלך לו ולנינו ולנכדו שלא ברשות הקב״‎ה וארץ פלשתים נתנה לו ולזרעו כדכתיב ושתי את גבולך מים סוף ועד ים פלשתים, וגם ביהושע כל ערי חמשת סרני פלשתים מנויות בכל גבול ארץ ישראל והקב״‎ה ציוה עליהם לא תחיה כל נשמה לפיכך והאלקים נסה את אברהם קינתרו וציערו לשון על נסותם את ה׳‎ מסה ומריבה, והנם זועפים מתורגם נסיסים בנס וקצף דדניאל כלומר נתגאית בבן שנתתי לך לכרות ברית ביניכם ובין בניהם ועתה לך והעלהו לעולה ותראה מה הועילה כריתת הברית. דבר אחר נסה את אברהם לשון נסיון ולא נסהו בשבילו שהכל גלוי וידוע לפניו מה שהיה והוה ועתיד להיות אלא הביאו לידי נסיון לפני מדת הדין שהיתה מקטרגת לפניו עליו ולהודיע לבריות כמה נדבו לבו לעשות רצון בוראו ולא יוכלו לקטרג עליו.
ויהי אחר הדברים האלה, “it was after these events;” according to Rashi, the “events” refer to the banquet arranged on the occasion of Yitzchok’s being weaned; Satan accused Avraham of not having offered a single sacrifice to G-d on that occasion. G-d replied that he would have been willing to offer even his own son as such an offering if asked. and that year [when Avraham came back from the land of Plishtim and sat in Chevron] was 12 years before the Akeda of Yitzchok. A different interpretation of the words: הדברים האלה, “these words;” Yishmael had boasted to Yitzchok that he had voluntarily undergone circumcision at an age when it was most painful, to which Yitzchok had replied that he, Yishmael, had endured pain only on one organ, whereas he, Yitzchok, would be prepared to undergo such pain on his whole body, i.e. he would even give his life for G-d. The reason why Rashi chose the first interpretation is that the word אחר normally refers to an event that had immediately preceded the subject raised, whereas here the call for the binding of Yitzchok would then have occurred many years earlier. According to a statement by Rav Hunna in Bereshit Rabbah 44,6, the word for “after” that the Torah should have used should then have been “אחרי.”A third interpretation of the words: ויהי אחר הדברים האלה is that they refer to the treaty concluded between Avraham and Avimelech, when Avraham had voluntarily postponed the fulfillment of G-d’s promise to him without having first obtained G-d’s permission to do so. [It is a historical fact that sovereignty over the land of the Philistines was achieved by the Israelites only about 100 years prior to the destruction of the first Temple, (under King Yoshiyahu), over 800 years after Joshua conquered the rest of the Holy Land. This was part of the punishment for the Israelites not having carried out G-d’s command not to allow a single soul of the then residents to remain alive (if they did not emigrate). (Deuteronomy 20,16). [In other words, although Avraham was the first to cause of the fulfillment of G-d’s promise to be delayed, he was not the last Israelite to do so. Ed.] Another interpretation, one which places the emphasis on the words נסה את אברהם, “He tested Avraham.”Avraham was not tested in order for G-d to convince Himself of his willingness to offer up his beloved son, seeing that such matters are known to Him, Who is omniscient; he was tested by the attribute of Justice which had dared question the degree of loyalty he could summon when so tested. Passing this test successfully would convince the people around him of the absolute obedience to any command G-d would issue to him. There was no way the nations of the world could challenge his faith thereafter.
ויהי אחר הדברים האלה. ברור שיש שייכות פרשה זו לפרשה הקודמת לה. דבל״ז לא שייך לשון אחר הדברים האלה. אבל אופן השייכות מבואר בפרש״י בשם אגדה דסנהדרין אבל א״כ הוא רחוק בזמן זמ״ז. לפי הקבלה שיצחק הי׳ בן ל״ז בשעת העקדה. ויש מפרשים שהוא עונש על הברית שכרת עם אבימלך. וגם זה אינו סמוך בזמן שהרי עסק הברית הי׳ בעת ההיא של יצחק וגירוש ישמעאל. ובאמת יש מחלוקת במדרש אם אחר סמוך ואחרי מופלג או להיפך. ונראה פי׳ אחר הדברים האלה. אחר כל המאמרים והדיבורים שהי׳ בין הקב״ה ובין אברהם. והגביהו לאט לאט מעלה מעלה מתחלה ברכו בא״י וזרע כעפר הארץ. ואח״כ ברבוי בנים ככוכבי השמים היינו ב״א גדולי ערך. ואח״כ ברכו בעת מילה שיהי׳ אב המון גוים. שיהי׳ בכחו להכיר שם אלוה עולם גם לאוה״ע שיהיו מכונים בשם גוים ולא יתגיירו לגמרי ועדיין הי׳ חסר עוד פרט אשר יבואר. ואחר כל הדברים הי׳ ענין עקידה שבזה נשלם גדלות של א״א וזרעו מה שא״צ עוד יותר ומשם והלאה שוב לא דבר הקב״ה עמו. ולא הי׳ עוד ענין והוספה על התכלית הנרצה. ומש״ה כתיב והאלהים נסה את אברהם. דאע״ג שאין המקרא יוצא מידי פשוטו שהוא ענין נסיון וכדכתיב ה׳ צדיק יבחן. ואין לנו להתקשות למה לו לה׳ הנסיון היודע הכל מראש שהוא הוא שאלת ידיע׳ ובחירה אשר שגבה מדעת אנושי ולנו לדעת כי גבהו דרכי ה׳ מדרכינו ומחשבותיו ממחשבותינו. בכ״ז לפי פשוטו לחוד הוא מיותר שהרי אנו רואים שהוא נסיון. אלא יש בזה עוד משמעות כדאי׳ ברבה ע״ז נסה מלשון נתת ליראיך נס להתנוסס היינו הגביהו על נס. הסבירו חז״ל שבזה הנסיון הגביה כחו של א״א והעלהו לתכלית גדולת האומה הישראלית כאשר יבואר. וכבר המשילו חז״ל בב״ר שם ענין נסיון בשלשה משלים. א׳ בקדירה שהקונה מנקש על קדירה טובה ולא על רעועה. ב׳ על פשתן טוב מכים הרבה וכל מה שמכים יותר משביח משא״כ פשתן רע. ג׳ על חמור טוב מוסיפים משאוי הרבה ומבחינים אולי ישא עוד יותר. וענין שלשה משלים. ללמדנו שנסיון בא בשלש בחינות. פעם בא כמשל קדירה שלא בא הנקישה על הקדירה הטובה כדי שיושבח בזה. אלא כדי לדעת כמה חוזק הקדירה. ופעם בא כמשל הפשתן דלא בא הניקוש כדי לדעת אלא כדי להשביחו. ופעם בא כמשל החמור שלא בא כדי לדעת או כדי להשביח אלא באשר יש לבעליו רוב משא ומנסה את חמורו אולי ישא יותר וטוב לו. וכל מה שמוסיף החמור לישא מוסיף בעליו אח״כ במזונו. כך פעם בא נסיון לדעת כח צדקת האדם. וזה נקרא בחינה. פעם בא כדי שיוסיף להצטדק. דאע״ג שבכח האדם מונח זו הפעולה מ״מ כל עוד לא בא מעשה לידו ולא הוציא מכח אל הפועל לא נשרש זה הכח אצלו ע״כ מביאו הקב״ה לידי נסיון. והוא מתחזק ומוציא מכח אל הפועל ומשריש זה הכח בקרבו. ופעם בא הנסיון לעון הדור. ומטילים על הצדיק משא יסורים ואח״כ מקבל שכרו משלם. מעתה מלמדנו המדרש בפרשה זו שלא נחשוב דזה הנסיון בא כמשל הקדירה לבד בתורת בחינה וא״כ לא נתעלה א״א בזה לא כן אלא הגביה הקב״ה כח נפשו הק׳ של א״א בפעולה זו וזהו משמעות נסה את אברהם מלשון נתת ליראיך נס להתנוסס ובמה שנשרש זה הכח בנפש אברהם שורש האומה הישראלית נשארה פעולה זאת לדורות. כאשר יבואר עוד במקרא י״ז. ועי׳ שמות ט״ז ד׳ דברים ח׳ ב׳ וט׳ ז׳. עוד יש להעיר הא דלא כתיב הנסיון גם על יצחק שהרי כבר הי׳ בן ל״ז שנה. אבל לפנינו יבואר דתכלית פעולה זו על יצחק בא בשביל ישוב ישראל בארצם והוקבע לחמם ע״י תמידין והי׳ ראוי להיות כן ביצחק ביחוד אשר בלידתו יצא חוק בעולם כמ״ש לעיל כ״א ג׳. ולא הי׳ לשם נסיון וה״ז כשארי נסיונות שנתנסה אברהם ולא כתיב בהו שהיה נסיון. אך מה שהעלים הקב״ה מא״א הכונה זה היה רק בשביל נסיון:
And after these events: It is clear that this section has a relationship to the section before it. As otherwise, the expression, "after these events," is not fitting. Though the manner of the relationship is explained in Rashi's commentary according to the aggadah in Sanhedrin (89) - if it is so, they are distant in time from one another, according to the tradition that Yitzchak was thirty-seven at the time of the binding. And there are some that explain that it is a punishment for the covenant he made with Avimelekh. But this is also not proximate in time - for behold that the matter of the covenant was at that [same] time, of Yitzchak and the expulsion of Yishmael. In truth, there is an argument in the Midrash if, "after (achar)" is proximate, and "following (achrei)" is remote, or the opposite. However it appears that the explanation of, "after these events" [here], is after all the utterances and statements that there were between the Holy One, blessed be He, and Avraham. And He had raised him - little by little - higher and higher: From the beginning of His blessing him with the Land of Israel and with seed like the dust of the earth; and afterwards with the increase of children like the stars of the sky - meaning people of great worth - and afterwards, He blessed him at the time of the circumcision that the would be a father to many nations. That is that he would have the ability to have even the nations of the world - who would be called by the name, nations, and would not completely convert - recognize the God of the world. However there was still a particular that was missing, as will be explained. And the matter of the binding was after all of these things. For with this, the greatness of Avraham, our father, and his seed was completed, such that nothing more was needed. So from then on, the Holy One, blessed be He, did not speak with him; and there was no more content and addition to the goal that had been desired. And because of that. it is written, "and God tested (nissa) Avraham." As even though the text does not depart from its straightforward understanding, which is the matter of a test - according to its straightforward understanding alone, it is superfluous. As we surely see that it is a test. And this is even though we should not ask why God, who knows everything from the beginning, needs a test - as it is a question of [divine] knowledge and [human] choice, which is loftier than human knowledge. So we should [just] know that the ways of God are above our ways, as are His thoughts [above] our thoughts. However there is another meaning to this, as it is found in Rabbah (Bereishit Rabbah 55:1) on this: Nissa is from the usage, "You have given a banner (nes) to those who fear You, that it may be displayed (lehitnosess)" (Psalms 60:6) - meaning He raised him upon a banner. The Sages, may their memory be blessed, explained that with this test, He extended the power of Avraham, our father, and raised him to the purpose of the Israelite nation, as will be explained. And the Sages, may their memory be blessed, in Rabbah there, have already drawn a metaphor about the content of the test with three analogies: 1) To a good jug that a buyer knocks, as opposed to a bad one. 2) To good flax that he hits much; so that the more he hits it, the more it improves, as opposed to bad flax. 3) He adds much to the load of a good donkey, and examines it [to determine whether] it can carry more. And the matter of the three analogies is to teach us that a test comes for three aspects. On one occasion, it comes like the analogy of the good jug, about which the knocking is not in order to improve it, but rather to know how strong the jug is. And on [another] occasion, it comes like the analogy of the flax, about which the knocking does not come in order to know [its] strength, but rather to improve [it]. And on [a third] occasion, it comes like the analogy of a donkey, about which it does not come in order to know [it] or in order to improve [it]; rather when its owner has a large load, he is testing his donkey [whether] it can carry more, which will be good for him. And the owner will add to its nourishment afterwards according to the additional load that his donkey carries. Likewise on one occasion, a test comes to know the power of a person's righteousness, and that is considered an examination. On [another] occasion, a test comes in order to add to his righteousness. As even though this action rests in a person's potential, so long as the action has not come to him and he has not actualized the potential, this potential has nevertheless not become rooted within him. Therefore, the Holy One, blessed be He, brings him to this test; and he [then] strengthens himself to actualize his potential and roots this potential inside himself. And on [a third] occasion, a test will come for the iniquity of the generation. So He will place them - a load of afflictions - upon the righteous one, and he will receive his full reward afterwards. From here, the midrash on this section teaches us that we should not think that this test came about only like the first analogy of the jug, as an examination. For if so, Avraham, our father, did not become elevated with this. It is not so. Rather the Holy One, blessed be He, raised the power of our father Avraham's holy being with this action. And that is the meaning of, "[God] nisa Avraham, from the usage, "You have given a banner (nes) to those who fear You, that it may be displayed (lehitnosess)." And with that which this potential was rooted into Avraham's being, this action remained rooted in the Israelite nation for [all] generations - as will be further explained on verse 17 (Haamek Davar on Genesis 22:17). And see Exodus 16:4 and Deuteronomy 8:2 and 9:7. Furthermore, it should be explained that which, "test," is not also written about Yitzchak - as behold, he was already thirty-seven years old! However it shall be explained below that the purpose of this act upon Yitzchak was on account of the settlement of Israel upon their land, [such that] their bread was fixed by way of the daily sacrifices. So it was particularly fit that it would be so through Yitzchak, since this principle came out to the world with his birth, as I wrote earlier [on] 21:3 (Haamek Davar on Genesis 21:3). So it was not for the purpose of a test; and it was then like the other tests through which Avraham was tested, and about which it was [also] not written that it was a test. However, that which the Holy One, blessed be He, hid the intent from Avraham, our father - that was only in order to be a test.
שאלות: מה ענין הנסיון בכללו שהרבו חכמי לב בזה כמה פליאות. למה לא אמר בשום א' מעשרה נסיונות שהאלהים נסה את אברהם רק בנסיון זה. למה האריך את בנך את יחידך אשר אהבת ודי לאמר את יצחק. מ"ש אשר אומר אליך ולא מצאנו שאמר לו איזה הר רק אברהם בעצמו ראה את המקום מרחוק, וחז"ל אמרו אשר לא עלתה על לבי זה עקדת יצחק והלא אמר והעלהו שם לעולה. למה ספר שחבש חמורו ולקח נעריו ובקע עצי עולה. למה צוה להנערים לשבת פה וטוב שדבר גדול כזה יהיה בקהל רב לקדש את השם: ויהי אחר הדברים האלה. מוסב על כל הדברים שספר מענין אברהם שכולם היו נסיונות, שיש הבדל בין נסיון לבחינה, הבחינה היא שבוחן אם נמצא בדבר מה, מה שיחויב שימצא בו מצד טבעו, למשל הבוחן את הזהב אם הוא זהב ולא סיג, והמנסה ינסה אם נמצא בדבר כח מה שאינו ידוע בטבעו, למשל אם יש בזהב כח המשיכה וכדומה, וכן הבחינה באדם הוא, אם הוא שלם עם ה' כפי טבע רוב בני אדם. ונסיון הוא אם יעמוד בצדקתו בדברים שהם למעלה מטבע הבשר, והנסיון אין לו שיעור שאברהם נתנסה בעשר נסיונות, שכל נסיון הוא למעלה מהקודם אליו, וכמ"ש במדרש נתתי ליראיך נס להתנוסס נסיון אחר נסיון, דגלין אחר דגלין בשביל נסותם בשביל גדלם כנס הזה של ספינה, שלפ"ז יפורש בצד אחד אחרי הדברים והאלהים כבר נסה את אברהם בתשעה נסיונות, אז ויאמר אליו, זה הנסיון האחרון שהוא למעלה מכל ציור בטבע האדם, ובפשוט יאמר והאלהים נסה, על נסיון זה האחרון לבד, שלא היה הצווי רק משום נסיון לא לעשות המעשה ההוא, שאחרי הדברים הקודמים שבהם עלה אברהם בנסיונותיו מדרגה אחר מדרגה, בא לנסותו בנסיון היותר גדול, שבו נתראה איך גדלה יראת ה' ואהבתו אצלו בתכלית מה שאפשר לצייר, והנה הנסיון יהיה, או לצורך המנסה או לצורך המנוסה או לצורך הרואים, ופה היו שלשתם יחד, כמ"ש במד' ע"ז שלשה משלים. א] מי שיודע שפשתנו יפה מקיש עליו, שהוא לצורך המנוסה להשביחו ותקנו. ב] משל לפרה שכחה יפה שנותן עליה העול, שהיא לצורך המנסה ועבודתו. ג] משל מי שקנקניו יפים מקיש עליהם הוא לצורך הקונים והרואים שיראו שהסחורה טובה, שמה שחקרו על צד שהוא לצורך המנסה, שהלא ה' יודע הכל ומה צורך לו לנסיון, אינה שאלה, שע"ז אמר ה' חקרתני ותדע, ר"ל אתה ידעת את האדם בשני מיני ידיעות אשר לפי השגת האדם יש סתירה ביניהם ובכ"ז נמצאו שתיהן אצלך. א] מצד הידיעה הקדומה שיודע את העתיד בידיעה חלוטה, ועז"א ותדע מכבר. ב] שעם כ"ז האדם חפשי במעשיו עד שמצד החפשיות חקרתני עתה לדעת את אשר בחרתי בבחירתי, הגם שתדע זה מכבר נמצא בידיעתך הידיעה הקדומה עם שתשאיר אחריו טבע האפשר, שזה ענין מופלא ונעלם מהשגת האדם, ומצאנו שהכתובים ישמשו בלשון כאלו יש חדוש ידיעה, כי ענין זה מקושר עם שאלת הידיעה והבחירה, שכלל בידינו שהכל צפוי והרשות נתונה, ואין אנו יודעים ענין ידיעתו כמו שאין אנו יודעים את עצמותו, כי ידיעתו היא עצמותו, והכתובים ידברו לפי הבנתנו שאנו משערים הידיעה כפי הידיעה שלנו, ויאמר, כי עתה ידעתי כי ירא אלהים אתה, ואם לא אדעה, וירא וידע אלהים, שיסביר הדבר לשבר את האוזן שהאדם חפשי ובעת שיבחר אז תתחדש הידיעה, והמקובלים יאמרו כי הידיעה הקדומה הוא רק בא"ס, ושם לא נמצא דין ורחמים ושום מדה, אולם מהנאצלים שהם המדות ששם יתחיל הדין והשכר והעונש, שם אין שום ידיעה קדומה, ונכון אמרו כי עתה ידעתי, והידיעה אשר בא"ס נעלם מכל שכל, ולא נמצא ממנו דבר בתנ"ך, והמדות וההנהגה האלהית באצילות שמהם ידברו הכתובים, מתנהגת לפי הידיעה הנודעה אצלנו, וע"ז אמר במד' כי עתה ידעתי הודעתי, ר"ל לפי הידיעה שהודעתי לבאי עולם, לא לפי הידיעה שנמצא בא"ס. ועוד יתבאר בדבריו איך היה לצורך המנוסה והרואים. ויאמר אליו אברהם. בכל הקריאות כפל השם אברהם אברהם, יעקב יעקב, ופי' בת"כ שהוא לשון חבה לשון זירוז, ר"ל קריאת השם הוא לשון חבה וכפל הקריאה הוא לזרז, ופה לא רצה לזרזו כמ"ש במד' שלא יאמרו הממו וערבבו, וע"כ אמר רק אברהם, ועוד יש טעם כי כפילת הקריאה באו אל שני חלקיו, אל הגוף ואל הנפש, שתחלה קרא אל הגוף שיתפשט מחומריותו ויוכן אל הנבואה, ואז יקרא אל חלק השמים ממעל שהיא הנפש, אבל קריאה זו היה לצורך מעשה, שמי שעדיין לא התפשט מן החומר לגמרי, לא יצוייר שיעשה כזאת, ולכן קרא רק פעם אחת אל הנפש, שכבר התפשט החומר מעליה ותלבש מחלצות, ואברהם השיב הנני שמוכן ומזומן על אופן זה:
והאלהים נסה, הודיענו שהיה זה מן החכמה לנסות את אברהם בזה. וארבע מעלות נתגלו על ידי כך. הא' לשי"ת, להודיע לבני אדם שאין הוא בוחר בידיד על לא דבר, אלא לאחר (שהנבחר) עבדו בשלמות. וכדי שלא יאמר אדם על עצמו, אלמלי בחר השם בי הייתי כאברהם. ולכשיראה את נסיונותיו של אברהם ידע שאין הוא כמותו ובצדק ובמשפט בחרו האל. והמעלה הב' לאברהם, בן שניתן לו בהיותו בן מאה, עקד אותו וביקש להקריבו כדי לעשות את רצון בוראו, ובזכות זה ירבה שכרו. והשלישית, לשרה, בן שניתן לה לעת זקנתה, הקדישתו לרצון השי"ת. כי כל שעשה אברהם, לא עשה אלא לדעתה, כאמור, כל אשר תאמר אליך וג'. הרי, שידעה שרה שהוביל את יצחק אל ההר על מנת לשחטו ולא עכבתו מתוך רצון לקיים את רצון הבורא, וזה למרות שהיה יחידה ואהובה, וניתן לה אחרי מלאת לה תשעים שנה. והרביעית, ליצחק, כדי שלא יעלה על לב אדם שישמעאל מסר את נפשו לה' יותר מיצחק, באשר נימול בהיותו בן י"ג, מבין כאב ומוכשר לעכב, בעוד שיצחק נימול כשהוא בן שמונה ימים ולא הבין כאב ולא יכול למנוע, העמד יצחק בנסיון גדול משל ישמעאל: הלה (נתנסה) בכאב, וזה מסר את נפשו להריגה. ואם ישאל אדם בענין הנסיון, לשם מה הוא? נאמר, הוא בא לשני פנים, להודיע (את טיב המתנסה) לעולם, ולשם הגדלת שכרו.
והאלהים נסה את אברהם. זו היא פרשת העקדה אשר ישראל בטוחים להיות זכות העקדה מגין עליהם בכל דור ודור. ואין הנסיון ח"ו אצל ה' יתברך אלא אצל הבריות להודיע גודל מעלת הצדיק או הנביא. וכן אמר הכתוב (תהילים י״א:ה׳) ה' צדיק יבחן. ומה שנסמכה עקדה לפרשת אבימלך אומר במדרש נסה לשון זעף כדמתרגמינן זעפים נסיסים. וזה כנגד מה שהכעיס להקב"ה בשבע כבשות שנתן לאבימלך שכנגדן נענשו בניו שישב ארון הברית בשדה פלשתים שבעה חדשים. ודע כי נסיון העקדה היה לפרסם בעמים גודל חיוב היראה והאהבה בש"י. כי האהבה על ג' חלקים. האחד מי שאוהב את המלך ומתוך אהבתו יספר בשבחיו ויפרסם מעלותיו תמיד כל היום ויודיע לכל את גבורותיו. אבל לא היה חוסר מממונו כלום בשביל אהבתו. השני מי שאוהב אותו יותר מן הראשון יספר בשבחיו ויתן כל ממונו בשבילו אבל לא ימסור עצמו למיתה בשבילו. השלישי מי שאוהב אותו יותר משניהם יספר בשבחיו ויתן כל ממונו בשבילו וימסור עצמו למיתה. והנה אברהם היה שלם בג' חלקים אלה. האחד ספר בשבחיו של מלכי המלכים הקב"ה ופרסם אלהותו ויחודו בעולם כענין שכתוב ויקרא שם בשם ה' אל עולם. לפי שאנשי דורו היו נותנים הנהגת העולם אל הכוכבים והמזלות והוא היה מדריכם בדרך האמת ומודיעם המנהיג היחיד שהוא אל עולם וכמאמר אליפז (איוב ה׳:ח׳) ואל אלהים אשים דברתי. יאמר כי הנהגת העולם אל ישימנה לכחות הגלגלים ולצבא השמים רק לש"י. השני פזר נתן לאביונים בשביל אהבת ה' יתברך הוא. שהיה בעל אכסניא ופתחו פתוח לכל עובר ושב. וכן אמרו במדרש ד' פתחים היו לו לביתו של אברהם והיו לד' רוחות העולם וכל מי שנכנס בפתח זה יוצא בפתח אחר כדי שלא יתבייש מפני עוברי דרכים. וכן נרמז בכתוב ויטע אש"ל בבאר שבע. ודרשו רז"ל אכילה שכיבה לויה. ולא עוד אלא שהיה מחזר אחריהם ורץ לקראתם שנאמר וירץ לקראתם. ועליו אמר הכתוב (משלי י״א:כ״ד) יש מפזר ונוסף עוד. ואין ספק כי היה נותן את כל הון ביתו באהבת ה' יתברך. הג' מסר עצמו למיתה בשביל אהבת ה' כשהושלך לכבשן האש על קדושת ה' יתברך. ולפי שהשיג מדריגת האהבה ועבר על ג' החלקים קראו הש"י אברהם אוהבי. אבל בענין זה של העקדה הראה אברהם תוקף אהבתו בשם יתברך שהיתה חזקה ועזה אין להעריך אותה עם שלשה חלקים הנזכרים ואין לדמותה למי שמוסר עצמו למיתה בשביל אוהבו או בשביל אדונו. כי ראוי היה אברהם אילו היו לו מאה גופין למסור את כולם למיתה על יצחק. אבל פעולה זו לא היתה כשאר הפעולות והנסיון הזה לא היה כשאר הנסיונות אין הטבע יכול לסובלו ואין הכח המדמה יכול לחשבו שיהיה אדם עקר וזקן בן מאה שנה ולו עושר ונכסים וכבוד והיה מתאוה לבן בתכלית התאוה והיה לו בן אחר היאוש היה ראוי לחשב תוקף האהבה החזקה לבן ההוא ותכפל האהבה יותר ויותר לסוף שנה ממה שהיה בן שמונה ימים ותכפל לחמש ועשר שנים יותר ממה שהיה בהיותו בן שנה שכבר הוא מגודל ומבחין בין טוב לרע ותכפל האהבה בהיותו קרוב לארבעים שנה הוא הוא הזמן ששכלו של אדם עומד על השלמות. וזהו יצחק שהיה בן ל"ז שנה בזמן העקדה ותכפל יותר ויותר כשיצוה לשחוט הבן הזה הוא בעצמו בידיו והאהבה הזאת אין דבר בעולם ראוי לעברה. ואברהם מתוך שהיה שלם באמונה עם היות הפלגת אהבתו אל יצחק הכיר כי ראוי שתתגבר אהבת ה' יתברך על אהבת יצחק. ולחוזק כח הפלגת האהבה החזקה הזאת שהיתה לו לאברהם בשם יתברך היתה נקלה בעיניו אהבת יצחק ובקש לשחטו אחר שלשה ימים שנאמר לו הדבור. כי אילו יעשה כן בפתע פתאום במקומו היתה פעולתו במהירות ובהלה. אבל כשהיה אחר מהלך שלשה ימים כבר נעשה בישוב דעת ועצה. והוא שאמרו בבראשית רבה למה ביום שלישי ולא ביום ראשון ולא ביום שני שלא יהו אומות העולם אומרים הממו ערבבו והלך לשחוט את בנו על כן עשה הפעולה ההיא ממש בידים. ועמה נבחן במדת היראה ובמדת האהבה יראה לא ליראת עונש ואהבה לא לתוחלת גמול כלומר על מנת לקבל פרס כי זאת לא תהיה אהבה גמורה שהרי יש שותה המשקה המר מדעתו שיועיל לו באחרית. וזהו שאמר עתה ידעתי כי ירא אלהים אתה. וידוע כי הידיעה בשם יתב' בכל זמן. אבל פי' הדבר ידוע מעתה כי יצא מן הכח אל הפעל. וראה גם ראה זריזותו של אברהם וחריצותו במצוה זו כי היה יכול להוליך עמו חבורת אנשים מאנשי ביתו ולא הוליך עמו כי אם שנים הוא שכתוב שני נעריו עמו ישמעאל ואליעזר ואפילו אותן שני נערים לא היו עמו בשעת העקדה אבל אמר להם שבו לכם פה עם החמור. והענין כדי שלא יבטלו ממנו המעשה הזה ושלא ימחו בידו.
והאלוקים נסה את אברהם, “and G’d had tested Avraham.” This is the portion dealing with the binding of Yitzchak, an event which is the cornerstone of the Jewish faith throughout the ages. Jews have placed their trust in their eternal future in the merit accumulated by both Avraham and Yitzchak as protecting them against extermination by their enemies.
We must not make the mistake of thinking that G’d tested Avraham in order to find out for Himself how Avraham would respond to this trial. It was a “test” only when viewed from the vantage point of his contemporaries who could not have known in advance how Avraham would respond to a trial which conflicted so absolutely with everything he thought he knew about what G’d wanted from man. G’d used this “test” in order to demonstrate to the people of his own time as well as to his descendants the greatness of this man’s devotion to G’d. He did not flinch for a moment nor even argue with G’d as he had done when advised of the impending judgment of the people of Sodom. We read of a general principle that G’d tests the righteous in Psalms 11,5 ה' צדיק יבחן, “G’d will examine (test) the righteous.”
The reason why this paragraph follows the report about what happened to Avraham and Sarah when they were in Gerar with Avimelech has been explained in the Midrash. The word נסה is an expression similar to זעף, “to be angry, displeased.” Onkelos translates it thus in 40,6 where he explains the word זועפים as נסיסים. G’d had been displeased with the oath Avraham swore to Avimelech guaranteeing future immunity of Avimelech’s offspring from incursions by Avraham’s descendants. He should not have given the seven sheep to Avimelech. Eventually, (during the time of the High Priest Eli) the Holy Ark was captured and remained in the hands of the Philistines for seven months before the latter returned it having found that it was a source of curse for them. (compare Bereshit Rabbah 54,4). The incident of the binding of Yitzchak was designed to demonstrate the extent of Avraham’s reverence for G’d as well as his love for G’d. Love is something which can exist on three levels:
1) Someone loves his king and because he loves him he tells others about the king’s virtues and his accomplishments. Such a tribute to his king does not involve the one who extols the king’s virtues in any sacrifice. It does not cost him a penny to tell others complimentary things about his king.
2) Love on a higher level is someone who spends a great deal of his own money to make his king popular; however, even he draws the line at laying down his life on behalf of that king.
3) This subject not only tells the world about the greatness of his king and spends all his money advertising this fact, but he is also prepared to lay down his own life on behalf of his king. Avraham’s love for G’d, the king of Kings, included all the levels we have just described. We know from 21,33 that he publicly proclaimed the greatness of G’d. He did so because the other people of his generation attributed the order in the universe to horoscopes, etc. (Maimonides Hilchot Avodah Zara 1,2). Avraham guided people along the path of true religion and monotheism. We are told in Job 5,8 saying exactly this, i.e. ואל אלוקים אשים דברתי, “I aim my words as proving that G’d is the cause of events.” The speaker, Eliphaz, makes the point that fate is not blind but that an all-seeing G’d guides it. He does not assign your fate to the stars, leaving it all to them.
Avraham had also demonstrated the second level of love for G’d by the manner in which he entertained guests lavishly at great cost to himself, all in order to proclaim G’d’s greatness. Our sages (Midrash Tehillim 110) illustrate this when they said that Avraham’s tent had an entrance in all four directions. Any guest who entered by one door would leave by another so as to avoid feeling embarrassed by other travelers who would see him. We find support for this in 21,33: “he planted an orchard at Be’er Sheva;” we had already explained that this referred to Avraham providing food, shelter and escort for his visitors. Not only would he welcome guests but he would actually run after them to make sure they did not pass him by; He did this even while still suffering from the after-effects of the circumcision (18,2).
He had demonstrated the third and highest level of love for G’d when he laid down his life and preferred to be burned in Nimrod’s furnace rather than desist from preaching the greatness of his Creator. This is why G’d called him (Isaiah 41,5) אברהם אוהבי, “Avraham who loves Me.”
In the matter of his binding Yitzchak in preparation for slaughtering him as an offering to G’d, Avraham demonstrated his love for G’d in a manner which is quite beyond comparison to any of the three levels we have mentioned. This was a level which goes way beyond martyrdom. Had Avraham even possessed 100 bodies, it would have been appropriate that he sacrifice all of them for the sake of his son Yitzchak. What he did here bears no resemblance to anything he had ever done before. This “test” was totally different from any previous tests which Avraham had passed with flying colors. Our imagination is quite inadequate to properly grasp the enormity of what was demanded of him and how he complied.
Avraham had longed to have a son such as Yitzchak for many decades. When Yitzchak was finally born, his love for him grew from year to year, and the certainty that such a miracle would not be repeated and that he would not have another if anything were to happen to Yitzchak must have crossed his mind many times. When he was suddenly commanded to kill Yitzchak with his own hands, we can hardly imagine how he must have felt on a journey of three days towards the unnamed site of the sacrifice, and how his reason must have assailed his feelings of reverence for G’d which alone could prompt him to go through with such an act. Avraham realised that in spite of all his love for Yitzchak, his love for G’d must take precedence in a situation where the two loves could not be reconciled. Had G’d told Avraham to slaughter Yitzchak immediately, without giving him three days during which he had to reflect on what he had been asked to do, the command would have been far easier to comply with. On the other hand, seeing that G’d gave Avraham three days to think about the enormity of what he had been asked to do made the decision to go through with it one that could not be attributed to a momentary spiritual high, to a spontaneous act, but it was an act which had been carefully considered and which reflected Avraham’s deep-seated feelings of overriding reverence for G’d. This is what the sages in Bereshit Rabbah 55,5 must have had in mind when they said: “why was Avraham to offer Yitzchak only on the third day and not on the first day of his journey? Answer: in order not to give the gentile nations an opportunity to claim that he had been emotionally disturbed, that G’d’s command had overwhelmed him so much that he went and slaughtered his son. This is why he performed this task with his own hands as a demonstration of both his love and reverence for G’d.” The element of reverence referred to has nothing to do with the fear of being punished for non-compliance, and the love demonstrated had nothing to do with any compensation he hoped to receive from G’d in return for displaying this degree of love for His Creator. Any act dictated by love which looks forward to some kind of reward be it only at the back of the person’s mind performing the deed, is not truly an act of love. There are people who drink a bitter-tasting medicine because they hope that in the end the beneficial results will compensate them for the galling experience. When G’d said to Avraham (22,12) at the end of the paragraph עתה ידעתי כי ירא אלוקים אתה, “now I know that you are indeed a G’d-fearing individual,” (and we know that G’d knew beforehand that Avraham would not flinch), this simply meant that as of that moment Avraham’s potential had been converted into an actuality. Not only had G’d had proof of Avraham’s deed, but He had observed with what alacrity and single-mindedness of purpose Avraham had applied himself to the task.
He could have taken with him a number of members of his household. He had taken only the two “lads” the Torah spoke of i.e. Eliezer and Ishmael (according to Targum Yonathan as well as Rashi). Even these two “lads” did not accompany him to the top of Mount Moriah (22,5) as Avraham had told them: שבו לכם פה עם החמור, “remain here with the donkey, etc.” He did not want them to come with him on “the last mile,” in order that neither of them should attempt to stay his hand at the last moment.
ויהי אחר הדברים האלה, אחר מה שקרה לאברהם עם אבימלך וארכו לו שם הימים ובא לו לבאר שבע לגור שם היה הדבר הזה שנסה אלהים את אברהם בדבר בנו יחידו, וענין הנסיון קשה מאד לספרו על האל, כי הוא חוקר לב ומבין כליות וידע כי אברהם יעשה מצותו, ואם להודיע לבני עולם, הנה לא היה שם בעת העקדה אלא אברהם ובנו יצחק, כי אפילו נעריו שהלכו עמו לא ידעו בזה הדבר, ומי הודיע דבר זה לעולם, ואפילו היה הוא מספר מי מאמין לו; והאמת כי הנסיון הזה להראות לבני עולם אהבת אברהם השלמה, ולא נעשה לאותם הדורות אלא לדורות הבאים המאמינים בתורה שכתב משה רבינו מפי האל ובספוריה שיראו עד היכן הגיע אהבת אברהם לאל; וילמדו ממנה לאהבה את ה' בכל לבבם ובכל נפשם, כי אברהם היה אוהב את יצחק יותר מנפשו כי הוא היה זקן, ואם ימות הוא, ימות בטבעו בשיבה טובה זקן ושבע ימים אבל בנו היה נער ועדיין לא היה לו אשה ובנים ולא נהנה מן העולם, ואם ימות הוא יהיה הדבר קשה לאברהם מאד. ועוד שהיה לו בן זקונים, וכשאמר לו האל שיעלהו שם לעולה היתה כל אהבה והחבה כאין בעיניו, ולא שאל ולא נסה, הלא אמרת כי ביצחק יקרא לך זרע, אלא כיון שאמר לו האל עשה כך, מיד השכים ומהר לעשות רצון האל, ולא חשב שום אהבה כנגד אהבתו, ובאמת קודם שנכתבה התורה וספוריה היה הדבר הגדול הזה מסור לזרע אברהה יצחק ויעקב כי יצחק מסר ליעקב ויעקב לבניו, ואחר שנכתבה התורה לבני יעקב נתפרסם הדבר בעולם יש מאמינים ויש שאינם מאמינים. והיום כמה שנים מיום שבטלה עבודת הצלמים והאלילים מאמינים רוב העולם בתורת משה רבינו ובספוריה, אלא שחולקים עלינו על המצות, שאומרים כי דרך משל נאמרו. ובהאמין רוב בני העולם הספור הגדול הזה הוא עדות גדולה על אברהם אבינו שהיה אוהב האל אהבה שלמה ותמה וראוי לאדם ללמוד הימנו דרך אהבתו.
ויהי אחר הדברים האלה, after what happened to Avraham with Avimelech and as a result of his pact he had resided among the Philistines for many years, so that he had decided to migrate to Beer Sheva. At that point he received the instruction from G’d concerning his only son (by Sarah). It is very difficult to explain the matter of G’d’ “testing” someone, seeing that G’d knows in advance what the result of such a test is going to be. What then is the point of such a test? If the point was to demonstrate to the world at large that Avraham successfully passed such a test, how could this be accomplished in a setting where only Avraham and Yitzchok were present? He had even left the lads who had accompanied him behind so that there were no witnesses whatsoever to his carrying out a command which he had not even told Yitzchok about until the last possible moment! Even if Avraham had told someone what had transpired on the mountain, who would have believed him? The truth is that the purpose of the trial was to demonstrate to the world Avraham’s love for G’d. It was not meant to demonstrate anything to the generation during which Avraham lived, but to prove this to subsequent generations of people who believed in the Torah which was handed down to us by Moses at the command of G’d Himself. All that is written in the Torah [including such stories as that of Bileam and Balak, none of which had been witnessed by any Jew alive at that time, Ed.] is meant to teach the extent to which we are expected to demonstrate our love for G’d if and when the occasion arises. We know that Avraham loved Yitzchok more than he loved himself, seeing that he was already old and did not expect anymore out of life. If Yitzchok were to die at that time before he had married and raised a family, he would not have enjoyed any true satisfaction in his life on earth. This thought must have been very upsetting for his father Avraham. If he was nonetheless prepared to carry out G’d’s command without hesitation this was indeed a feat that all his descendants would marvel at. The fact that Avraham, who had prayed to G’d for sinners to be given a reprieve, did not even pray to G’d to spare the life of Yitzchok until he had at least married and started to raise a family, is meant to be an inspiration to all of us. Moreover, G’d Himself had provided Avraham with arguments which would have entitled him to at least defer sacrificing Yitzchok since he had told him that he, Avraham, would be known in history through Yitzchok. How could such a promise be fulfilled if Yitzchok were to die now? This story became the powerful message which Yitzchok transmitted to his son Yaakov, and which Yaakov transmitted to his sons. After the Torah was committed to writing the story became famous throughout the world, some people believing it, others not. Nowadays, after primitive paganism has ceased to exist in most of civilised society, most of mankind believes the story recorded in the Bible without hesitation. If large sections of mankind express some doubts about what is written in the Torah this concerns only whether everything written in the Torah as fact needs to be understood as historical, literal truth, or if many stories are to be understood as allegorical, but conveying the same ethical and moral messages. Similarly, these doubters believe that many of the practical commandments in the Torah were not meant to be fulfilled literally, but were examples demonstrating G’d’s attitude to certain problems confronting man. The very fact that the majority of mankind does believe that Avraham did what the Torah writes he did, is proof that Avraham had lived the kind of life which inspired man to believe that one can love G’d more than anything else in the universe.

5e3d2ff54/Chief_Lech_Lecha.mp3

Tests are part of the essential fabric of life. They make us who we are. Through adversity and struggle we stretch ourselves to the limits of our abilities, and discover our true potential. In fact, the Torah and the prophetic writings are replete with great leaders who endured difficult tests and travails.

This week's parsha begins with a test for Abraham, when God asks him to leave his home and his birthplace and his family to journey to an unknown destination - which was ultimately to be the Promised Land for the Jewish people. This was the second in a series of 10 extremely difficult trials that would test Abraham's mettle and mould him into the father of the Jewish People. Among them were being commanded to circumcise himself at the age of 99; his wife Sarah's abduction at the hands of Pharaoh; and, most powerfully of all, God's command that he sacrifice his only son, Isaac.

These were tests of his courage and conviction, of his commitment and stamina, of his faith in God's justice and ultimate goodness.

Many other great leaders of the Torah faced similar ordeals. Joseph famously withstood many tests of his moral principles and integrity. Potiphar's wife attempted - time and again - to seduce Joseph, and though he was an anonymous 17-year-old slave boy, far away from home, he did the right thing and warded off her advances, even though it eventually cost him his liberty. Languishing in the dungeons after Potiphar falsely accused him, and then later, as viceroy of Egypt - both challenging situations for different reasons - he maintained his faith and integrity, to the extent that our sages describe him as Yosef HaTazaddik - Joseph the Righteous.

King David was another leader who passed many tests of his faith in Hashem's justice and compassion. He was pursued by his father-in-law, King Saul; and his own son led a military coup against him, which forced him to flee his palace. Yet, throughout, he remained faithful and devout.

Like Abraham, Joseph and King David, our lives are filled with episodes that challenge our faith in God, and their unwavering belief under extreme duress serves as inspiration to us all.

These tests do not have to be dramatic; they occur every single day of our lives. Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, known as the Ramchal, explains in his classic work, Mesilat Yesharim, that everything in life is a test; that wealth and health and success can be tests because they can lead to arrogance and a sense of smug satisfaction with oneself. On other hand, poverty, illness and suffering can also be tests, because they can challenge us and cause us to be bitter and resentful. So every encounter in life can be a test in one way or another.

What is the purpose of a test, and what does it mean in the context of our relationship with God? Firstly, it is important to accept that we can never fully understand the rationale behind God's workings in this world. The Talmud (Berachot 7a) describes how Moshe asked Hashem why some righteous people suffer and some wicked people prosper. God answered: "No man shall see Me and live," (Shemot 33:20) which, on a simple level, means that human beings, constrained by the limitations of our minds, can never fully comprehend the depth of the Divine. Yet, despite these limitations, our sages help us understand the idea of tests and challenges in general terms.

Conventionally, the purpose of a test is to assess the abilities of the one being tested. When God is the examiner, however, this makes no sense: He knows everything. He knows us better than we know ourselves. He knows what our capabilities are. What, then, is the purpose of being tested by God? Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, known as the Ramban, explains in his commentary on Bereishit that the tests we undergo during our lives aren't for God's benefit, they are for our benefit. They give us the opportunity to transform our inherent potential into actual spiritual achievements; by putting the emotional, spiritual and physical resources we were blessed with into action, we become self-actualised beings, and ensure we can be rewarded not only for our good intentions, but also for our good deeds. Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz proves from Talmudic sources that God only gives us tests and challenges we are capable of overcoming. If we are successful, if we are able to rise to the challenges, we emerge stronger, more elevated and more meritorious.

In his commentary on Bereishit, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch says the Hebrew word for test, nisayon, is related to the word nassa, meaning to raise or to elevate, as well as the word nisiya, which means to travel or move forward. Every test, every challenge, is an opportunity to move forward, to grow, to become stronger and more elevated, through exercising the latent powers within our soul. Not only do challenges uncover hidden reserves, they can also be the impetus for creating new strengths, new reserves. Indeed, the human soul has miraculous capabilities beyond what we can rationally comprehend. We contain multitudes, untold depths. The Torah (Bereishit 1:27) tells us that human beings were created "in the image of God"; alone among the creations, we are imbued with a heavenly soul, a spark of the Divine.

The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 55:6) also relates the word nisayon to the Hebrew word nes, which means a banner or a flag. The miraculous, seemingly superhuman strength exhibited by people who withstand severe tests with faith and resolve is a flag, a signal to the world, hoisted high to inspire us all. When facing life's challenges, the superhuman strength and courage of an Abraham or a Joseph or a King David can inspire us. We need to have faith in God to give us strength and guidance to withstand our tests and actualise our potential, but also have faith in ourselves - in the power of our God-given souls.

This idea - of converting our potential into reality - is actually the fundamental purpose of our lives. The Torah calls the first human being Adam, which comes from the Hebrew word adama, meaning "earth" or "ground". What is the connection between the two? The Maharal explains that humans are similar to the ground in one essential respect: they are both pure potential. Whether or not a piece of land will produce fruit depends on what is done with it. Even the most fertile piece of land will not produce fruit if it is left to lie fallow; it needs to be ploughed, fertilised and cultivated. So too, the human being is pure potential, and to live a fruitful, productive life requires great and continuous efforts. We come into this world as pure potential and, through the process of life, we actualise that potential. And it's up to us; we have been given free choice to turn that potential into personal growth and mitzvot and spiritual greatness - or we can choose to squander it and simply let it lie dormant.

Ultimately, it's through the process of struggle and difficulty, even failure, that a person can transform their potential into greatness.

I'll close with a remarkable letter written by Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner (Igrot Pachad Yitzchak 128) in response to a student who had written to him complaining of the tests and challenges he faced in his personal development:

"... A failing that many of us experience is that when we focus on the lofty level of accomplishments of great people, we only focus on how they are complete in this or in that area. At the same time, we omit mention of the inner struggles that had previously raged within them. A listener would get the impression that these individuals came out of the land of their Creator in ideal form.

Everyone is awed at the purity of speech of the Chofetz Chaim, considering it a miraculous phenomenon. But who knows of the battles, struggles, and obstacles, the slumps and regressions that the Chofetz Chaim encountered in his war with the yetzer hara [evil inclination]? There are many such examples to which a discerning individual such as yourself can certainly apply the rule. The result of this misconception is that when an ambitious young man of spirit and enthusiasm meets obstacles, falls, and slumps, he imagines himself unworthy...

Know, however, my dear friend, that your soul is rooted not in the tranquillity of the yetzer tov [good inclination], but rather in the battle of the yetzer tov. The English expression, "Lose a battle and win the war" applies to this phenomenon... [King Solomon,] the wisest of all men, has said, "A righteous man falls seven times and rises again." (Proverbs 24:16) Fools believe that the intent of this verse is to teach us something remarkable: the righteous man has fallen seven times and yet he resiliently rises. But the knowledgeable know that the source of the righteous person's ability to rise again is precisely through his seven falls...

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וַיְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה וְהָ֣אֱלֹהִ֔ים נִסָּ֖ה אֶת־אַבְרָהָ֑ם וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֔יו אַבְרָהָ֖ם וַיֹּ֥אמֶר הִנֵּֽנִי׃
After these events, Elohim tested Avraham and said to him, Avraham! and he [Avraham] said, Here I am.

Language of Tomorrow

by Chief Rabbi Warren Goldstein

Lech Lecha (Genesis 12-17 )

Tests are part of the essential fabric of life. They make us who we are. Through adversity and struggle we stretch ourselves to the limits of our abilities, and discover our true potential. In fact, the Torah and the prophetic writings are replete with great leaders who endured difficult tests and travails.

This week's parsha begins with a test for Abraham, when God asks him to leave his home and his birthplace and his family to journey to an unknown destination - which was ultimately to be the Promised Land for the Jewish people. This was the second in a series of 10 extremely difficult trials that would test Abraham's mettle and mould him into the father of the Jewish People. Among them were being commanded to circumcise himself at the age of 99; his wife Sarah's abduction at the hands of Pharaoh; and, most powerfully of all, God's command that he sacrifice his only son, Isaac.

These were tests of his courage and conviction, of his commitment and stamina, of his faith in God's justice and ultimate goodness.

Many other great leaders of the Torah faced similar ordeals. Joseph famously withstood many tests of his moral principles and integrity. Potiphar's wife attempted - time and again - to seduce Joseph, and though he was an anonymous 17-year-old slave boy, far away from home, he did the right thing and warded off her advances, even though it eventually cost him his liberty. Languishing in the dungeons after Potiphar falsely accused him, and then later, as viceroy of Egypt - both challenging situations for different reasons - he maintained his faith and integrity, to the extent that our sages describe him as Yosef HaTazaddik - Joseph the Righteous.

King David was another leader who passed many tests of his faith in Hashem's justice and compassion. He was pursued by his father-in-law, King Saul; and his own son led a military coup against him, which forced him to flee his palace. Yet, throughout, he remained faithful and devout.

Like Abraham, Joseph and King David, our lives are filled with episodes that challenge our faith in God, and their unwavering belief under extreme duress serves as inspiration to us all.

These tests do not have to be dramatic; they occur every single day of our lives. Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, known as the Ramchal, explains in his classic work, Mesilat Yesharim, that everything in life is a test; that wealth and health and success can be tests because they can lead to arrogance and a sense of smug satisfaction with oneself. On other hand, poverty, illness and suffering can also be tests, because they can challenge us and cause us to be bitter and resentful. So every encounter in life can be a test in one way or another.

What is the purpose of a test, and what does it mean in the context of our relationship with God? Firstly, it is important to accept that we can never fully understand the rationale behind God's workings in this world. The Talmud (Berachot 7a) describes how Moshe asked Hashem why some righteous people suffer and some wicked people prosper. God answered: "No man shall see Me and live," (Shemot 33:20) which, on a simple level, means that human beings, constrained by the limitations of our minds, can never fully comprehend the depth of the Divine. Yet, despite these limitations, our sages help us understand the idea of tests and challenges in general terms.

Conventionally, the purpose of a test is to assess the abilities of the one being tested. When God is the examiner, however, this makes no sense: He knows everything. He knows us better than we know ourselves. He knows what our capabilities are. What, then, is the purpose of being tested by God? Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman, known as the Ramban, explains in his commentary on Bereishit that the tests we undergo during our lives aren't for God's benefit, they are for our benefit. They give us the opportunity to transform our inherent potential into actual spiritual achievements; by putting the emotional, spiritual and physical resources we were blessed with into action, we become self-actualised beings, and ensure we can be rewarded not only for our good intentions, but also for our good deeds. Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz proves from Talmudic sources that God only gives us tests and challenges we are capable of overcoming. If we are successful, if we are able to rise to the challenges, we emerge stronger, more elevated and more meritorious.

In his commentary on Bereishit, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch says the Hebrew word for test, nisayon, is related to the word nassa, meaning to raise or to elevate, as well as the word nisiya, which means to travel or move forward. Every test, every challenge, is an opportunity to move forward, to grow, to become stronger and more elevated, through exercising the latent powers within our soul. Not only do challenges uncover hidden reserves, they can also be the impetus for creating new strengths, new reserves. Indeed, the human soul has miraculous capabilities beyond what we can rationally comprehend. We contain multitudes, untold depths. The Torah (Bereishit 1:27) tells us that human beings were created "in the image of God"; alone among the creations, we are imbued with a heavenly soul, a spark of the Divine.

The Midrash (Bereishit Rabbah 55:6) also relates the word nisayon to the Hebrew word nes, which means a banner or a flag. The miraculous, seemingly superhuman strength exhibited by people who withstand severe tests with faith and resolve is a flag, a signal to the world, hoisted high to inspire us all. When facing life's challenges, the superhuman strength and courage of an Abraham or a Joseph or a King David can inspire us. We need to have faith in God to give us strength and guidance to withstand our tests and actualise our potential, but also have faith in ourselves - in the power of our God-given souls.

This idea - of converting our potential into reality - is actually the fundamental purpose of our lives. The Torah calls the first human being Adam, which comes from the Hebrew word adama, meaning "earth" or "ground". What is the connection between the two? The Maharal explains that humans are similar to the ground in one essential respect: they are both pure potential. Whether or not a piece of land will produce fruit depends on what is done with it. Even the most fertile piece of land will not produce fruit if it is left to lie fallow; it needs to be ploughed, fertilised and cultivated. So too, the human being is pure potential, and to live a fruitful, productive life requires great and continuous efforts. We come into this world as pure potential and, through the process of life, we actualise that potential. And it's up to us; we have been given free choice to turn that potential into personal growth and mitzvot and spiritual greatness - or we can choose to squander it and simply let it lie dormant.

Ultimately, it's through the process of struggle and difficulty, even failure, that a person can transform their potential into greatness.

I'll close with a remarkable letter written by Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner (Igrot Pachad Yitzchak 128) in response to a student who had written to him complaining of the tests and challenges he faced in his personal development:

"... A failing that many of us experience is that when we focus on the lofty level of accomplishments of great people, we only focus on how they are complete in this or in that area. At the same time, we omit mention of the inner struggles that had previously raged within them. A listener would get the impression that these individuals came out of the land of their Creator in ideal form.

Everyone is awed at the purity of speech of the Chofetz Chaim, considering it a miraculous phenomenon. But who knows of the battles, struggles, and obstacles, the slumps and regressions that the Chofetz Chaim encountered in his war with the yetzer hara [evil inclination]? There are many such examples to which a discerning individual such as yourself can certainly apply the rule. The result of this misconception is that when an ambitious young man of spirit and enthusiasm meets obstacles, falls, and slumps, he imagines himself unworthy...

Know, however, my dear friend, that your soul is rooted not in the tranquillity of the yetzer tov [good inclination], but rather in the battle of the yetzer tov. The English expression, "Lose a battle and win the war" applies to this phenomenon... [King Solomon,] the wisest of all men, has said, "A righteous man falls seven times and rises again." (Proverbs 24:16) Fools believe that the intent of this verse is to teach us something remarkable: the righteous man has fallen seven times and yet he resiliently rises. But the knowledgeable know that the source of the righteous person's ability to rise again is precisely through his seven falls...

Nisyonot The view of Rambam

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