Rashi
Most widely-read biblical commentary, compiled in the 11th-century, explaining the simple meaning of the text with interpretive elaborations.
Ibn Ezra
12th-century commentary focusing on the simple meaning of the text and incorporating grammar and linguistics.
Ramban
13th-century commentary weaving together biblical interpretation with law, philosophy, and mysticism.
Abarbanel
15th-century commentary on the Torah and Prophets, opening each section with a list of questions on the biblical text.
Alshich
16th-century commentary highlighting the moral and religious lessons embedded in every biblical phrase.
Alshekh on Torah
R. Moses Alshekh's commentary on the Torah, also known as Torat Moshe
Ateret Zekeinim
First completed work of the Abarbanel, composed around 1470, commenting on passages in chapters 23 and 24 in Exodus.
Ba'al HaTurim
14th-century short introductions to biblical passages by the author of the Tur, often containing gematria and linguistic devices.
Bartenura on Torah
15th-century supercommentary to Rashi’s Torah commentary, attributed to the Mishnah commentator Rav Ovadiah Bartenura.
Bekhor Shor
12th-century commentary by a French Tosafist, focusing on literal interpretations and offering rational explanations of miraculous biblical events.
Bekhor Shor
12th-century commentary by a French Tosafist, focusing on literal interpretations and offering rational explanations of miraculous biblical events.
Chizkuni
13th-century commentary presenting literal interpretations of the author’s predecessors and presenting new ideas.
Chizkuni
13th-century commentary presenting literal interpretations of the author’s predecessors and presenting new ideas.
Da'at Zekenim
Commentary composed by the Tosafists in the 12th and 13th centuries, primarily in France and Germany.
Eshkol HaKofer on Ruth
15th-century commentary by R. Abraham Saba, rewritten from memory after the author was forced to abandon his original work before fleeing Portugal.
Ezra ben Solomon on Song of Songs
13th-century kabbalistic commentary of Rabbi Ezra ben Shlomo of Gerona, selected, translated, and annotated by Seth Brody in the 20th century.
Gevia Kesef
14th-century philosophical and exegetical work by Rabbi Yosef ibn Kaspi, mostly related to the book of Genesis.
Hadar Zekenim on Torah
Torah commentary compiled anonymously from the writings of Franco-German scholars in the 12th-13th centuries (Ba’alei HaTosafot).
Immanuel of Rome on Esther
14th-century commentary that offers linguistic and grammatical explanations as well as philosophical perspectives.
Mashmia Yeshuah
15th-century treatise of the Abarbanel examining prophecies throughout Tanakh that speak of redemption.
Minchat Shai
17th-century commentary focusing on textual variants, cantillation marks, and vowelization of biblical text.
Paaneach Raza
13th-century commentary by one of the French Tosafists explaining the simple meaning of the text while weaving in gematria and word schemes.
Rabbeinu Bahya
14th-century commentary incorporating literal explanations along with allegorical, philosophical, and mystical interpretations.
Rabbeinu Bahya
Fourteenth-century commentary incorporating literal explanations along with allegorical, philosophical, and mystical interpretations.
Rabbeinu Chananel
11th-century commentary reconstructed from citations in later Torah commentators and fragments of manuscripts discovered in the Cairo Genizah.
Radak
Popular 13th-century commentary focusing on the simple meaning of the text and incorporating grammar and philosophy.
Ralbag
14th-century commentary defining words, explaining passages, and demonstrating morals, incorporating law, philosophy, math, and astronomy.
Ralbag Beur HaMilot
One of three sections of Ralbag’s Torah commentary, focusing on literal definitions.
Rashbam
Popular 12th-century commentary by Rashi’s grandson focusing on the simple meaning of the text.
Riva on Torah
Supercommentary on Rashi’s Torah commentary compiled by one of the Tosafists in the 13th or 14th century.
Rosh on Torah
14th-century commentary attributed to the legal codifier Rabbi Asher ben Yechiel.
Saadia Gaon
10th-century commentary incorporating essays on legal and philosophical topics loosely connected to biblical verses.
Second Version of Ibn Ezra
Second commentary of the Ibn Ezra on the Book of Esther, with overlapping themes to those of his first commentary but with many new interpretations.
Sforno
Commentary by 16th-century Italian rabbi and physician.
Song of Songs
16th-century commentary by Rabbi Ovadiah ben Jacob Sforno, an Italian rabbi and physician.
Shelom Esther
16th-century commentary on the Book of Esther by Rabbi Yitzchak ben Mordechai Gershon.
Toledot Yitzchak on Torah
16th-century commentary combining simple and allegorical interpretations by the uncle of Rav Yosef Karo based on sermons he delivered.
Tur HaAroch
14th-century commentary by the author of the Tur with summaries of traditional interpretations, particularly those of the Ramban.
Tur HaArokh
14th-century commentary by the author of the Tur with summaries of traditional interpretations, particularly those of the Ramban.
Tzror HaMor on Torah
16th-century commentary with literal explanations as well as mystical ones based on the teachings of the Zohar.
About Rishonim on Tanakh
Rabbinic writings and commentaries on Tanakh from roughly the 11th through 15th centuries.
Visualizations
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