Rashi

Most widely-read biblical commentary, compiled in the 11th-century, explaining the simple meaning of the text with interpretive elaborations.

Ibn Ezra

12th-century commentary focusing on the simple meaning of the text and incorporating grammar and linguistics.

Ramban

13th-century commentary weaving together biblical interpretation with law, philosophy, and mysticism.

Abarbanel

15th-century commentary on the Torah and Prophets, opening each section with a list of questions on the biblical text.

Alshich

16th-century commentary highlighting the moral and religious lessons embedded in every biblical phrase.

Ba'al HaTurim

14th-century short introductions to biblical passages by the author of the Tur, often containing gematria and linguistic devices.

Bekhor Shor

12th-century commentary by a French Tosafist, focusing on literal interpretations and offering rational explanations of miraculous biblical events.

Chizkuni

13th-century commentary presenting literal interpretations of the author’s predecessors and presenting new ideas.

Da'at Zekenim

Commentary composed by the Tosafists in the 12th and 13th centuries, primarily in France and Germany.

Joseph ibn Yahya

16th-century commentary on Writings by a student of the Rashba.

Kitzur Ba'al HaTurim

Abridgement of the 14th-century Baal HaTurim Torah commentary.

Minchat Shai

17th-century commentary focusing on textual variants, cantillation marks, and vowelization of biblical text.

Rabbeinu Bahya

14th-century commentary incorporating literal explanations along with allegorical, philosophical, and mystical interpretations.

Rabbeinu Chananel

11th-century commentary reconstructed from citations in later Torah commentators and fragments of manuscripts discovered in the Cairo Genizah.

Radak

Popular 13th-century commentary focusing on the simple meaning of the text and incorporating grammar and philosophy.

Ralbag

14th-century commentary defining words, explaining passages, and demonstrating morals, incorporating law, philosophy, math, and astronomy.

Ralbag Beur HaMilot

One of three sections of Ralbag’s Torah commentary, focusing on literal definitions.

Rashbam

Popular 12th-century commentary by Rashi’s grandson focusing on the simple meaning of the text.

Saadia Gaon

10th-century commentary incorporating essays on legal and philosophical topics loosely connected to biblical verses.

Second Version of Ibn Ezra

Second commentary of the Ibn Ezra on the Book of Esther, with overlapping themes to those of his first commentary but with many new interpretations.

Sforno

Commentary by 16th-century Italian rabbi and physician.

Tur HaAroch

14th-century commentary by the author of the Tur with summaries of traditional interpretations, particularly those of the Ramban.
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