מתן על הפרק - יהושע ה'-ו'

Bydavid weinberger

מתן על הפרק

עם ישראל צועד את צעדיו הראשונים כעם על אדמתו. ברית מילה, הפסח והמפגש עם המלאך מהווים הקדמה לכיבושה הפלאי של העיר הראשונה בארץ ישראל. ננסה לעמוד על הקשר בין ברית המילה והפסח לבין ירושת הארץ ולהבין באופן רחב יותר את המשמעויות השונות של כיבוש יריחו.

וַֽיִּקְרְא֥וּ בַסֵּ֛פֶר בְּתוֹרַ֥ת הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים - בקיאות

יהושע ה׳

Joshua 5

(1) When all the kings of the Amorites on the western side of the Jordan, and all the kings of the Canaanites near the Sea, heard how the LORD had dried up the waters of the Jordan for the sake of the Israelites until they crossed over, they lost heart, and no spirit was left in them because of the Israelites.
(2) At that time the LORD said to Joshua, “Make flint knives and proceed with a second circumcision of the Israelites.” (3) So Joshua had flint knives made, and the Israelites were circumcised at Gibeath-haaraloth. (4) This is the reason why Joshua had the circumcision performed: All the people who had come out of Egypt, all the males of military age, had died during the desert wanderings after leaving Egypt. (5) Now, whereas all the people who came out of Egypt had been circumcised, none of the people born after the exodus, during the desert wanderings, had been circumcised. (6) For the Israelites had traveled in the wilderness forty years, until the entire nation—the men of military age who had left Egypt—had perished; because they had not obeyed the LORD, and the LORD had sworn never to let them see the land that the LORD had sworn to their fathers to assign to us, a land flowing with milk and honey. (7) But He had raised up their sons in their stead; and it was these that Joshua circumcised, for they were uncircumcised, not having been circumcised on the way. (8) After the circumcising of the whole nation was completed, they remained where they were, in the camp, until they recovered. (9) And the LORD said to Joshua, “Today I have rolled away from you the disgrace of Egypt.” So that place was called Gilgal, as it still is. (10) Encamped at Gilgal, in the steppes of Jericho, the Israelites offered the passover sacrifice on the fourteenth day of the month, toward evening. (11) On the day after the passover offering, on that very day, they ate of the produce of the country, unleavened bread and parched grain. (12) On that same day, when they ate of the produce of the land, the manna ceased. The Israelites got no more manna; that year they ate of the yield of the land of Canaan.
(13) Once, when Joshua was near Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing before him, drawn sword in hand. Joshua went up to him and asked him, “Are you one of us or of our enemies?” (14) He replied, “No, I am captain of the LORD’s host. Now I have come!” Joshua threw himself face down to the ground and, prostrating himself, said to him, “What does my lord command his servant?” (15) The captain of the LORD’s host answered Joshua, “Remove your sandals from your feet, for the place where you stand is holy.” And Joshua did so.

1.
בפרק מתוארים ארבעה נושאים (לפי החלוקה הבאה: ה׳, א׳; ה׳, ב׳-ח׳; ה׳, ט׳-י"ב; ה׳, י"ג-ט"ו). להבנת הקשר בין ירושת הארץ וברית מילה עיינו בבראשית י"ז, א׳-י"ד. להבנת הקשר בין ברית המילה ופסח עיינו בשמות י"ב, מ"ח.
2.
ישנם קווי דמיון בין סיפור יהושע ומלאך ה׳ ובין סיפור משה והסנה הבוער באש המופיע בשמות ג׳, א׳-ה׳ (להלן הציטוט). מהי תרומתה של ההשואה להבנת חילופי ההנהגה בעם?
"וּמֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה אֶת־צֹ֛אן יִתְר֥וֹ חֹתְנ֖וֹ כֹּהֵ֣ן מִדְיָ֑ן וַיִּנְהַ֤ג אֶת־הַצֹּאן֙ אַחַ֣ר הַמִּדְבָּ֔ר וַיָּבֹ֛א אֶל־הַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים חֹרֵֽבָה. וַ֠יֵּרָ֠א מַלְאַ֨ךְ יְהֹוָ֥ה אֵלָ֛יו בְּלַבַּת־אֵ֖שׁ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֑ה וַיַּ֗רְא וְהִנֵּ֤ה הַסְּנֶה֙ בֹּעֵ֣ר בָּאֵ֔שׁ וְהַסְּנֶ֖ה אֵינֶ֥נּוּ אֻכָּֽל. וַיֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְאֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַמַּרְאֶ֥ה הַגָּדֹ֖ל הַזֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַסְּנֶֽה. וַיַּ֥רְא יְהֹוָ֖ה כִּ֣י סָ֣ר לִרְא֑וֹת וַיִּקְרָא֩ אֵלָ֨יו אֱלֹהִ֜ים מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַסְּנֶ֗ה וַיֹּ֛אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֥ה מֹשֶׁ֖ה וַיֹּ֥אמֶר הִנֵּֽנִי. וַיֹּ֖אמֶר אַל־תִּקְרַ֣ב הֲלֹ֑ם שַׁל־נְעָלֶ֙יךָ֙ מֵעַ֣ל רַגְלֶ֔יךָ כִּ֣י הַמָּק֗וֹם אֲשֶׁ֤ר אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו אַדְמַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ הֽוּא".

יהושע ו׳

Joshua 6

(1) Now Jericho was shut up tight because of the Israelites; no one could leave or enter. (2) The LORD said to Joshua, “See, I will deliver Jericho and her king [and her] warriors into your hands. (3) Let all your troops march around the city and complete one circuit of the city. Do this six days, (4) with seven priests carrying seven ram’s horns preceding the Ark. On the seventh day, march around the city seven times, with the priests blowing the horns. (5) And when a long blast is sounded on the horn—as soon as you hear that sound of the horn—all the people shall give a mighty shout. Thereupon the city wall will collapse, and the people shall advance, every man straight ahead.” (6) Joshua son of Nun summoned the priests and said to them, “Take up the Ark of the Covenant, and let seven priests carrying seven ram’s horns precede the Ark of the LORD.” (7) And he instructed the people, “Go forward, march around the city, with the vanguard marching in front of the Ark of the LORD.” (8) When Joshua had instructed the people, the seven priests carrying seven ram’s horns advanced before the LORD, blowing their horns; and the Ark of the LORD’s Covenant followed them. (9) The vanguard marched in front of the priests who were blowing the horns, and the rear guard marched behind the Ark, with the horns sounding all the time. (10) But Joshua’s orders to the rest of the people were, “Do not shout, do not let your voices be heard, and do not let a sound issue from your lips until the moment that I command you, ‘Shout!’ Then you shall shout.” (11) So he had the Ark of the LORD go around the city and complete one circuit; then they returned to camp and spent the night in camp. (12) Joshua rose early the next day; and the priests took up the Ark of the LORD, (13) while the seven priests bearing the seven ram’s horns marched in front of the Ark of the LORD, blowing the horns as they marched. The vanguard marched in front of them, and the rear guard marched behind the Ark of the LORD, with the horns sounding all the time. (14) And so they marched around the city once on the second day and returned to the camp. They did this six days. (15) On the seventh day, they rose at daybreak and marched around the city, in the same manner, seven times; that was the only day that they marched around the city seven times. (16) On the seventh round, as the priests blew the horns, Joshua commanded the people, “Shout! For the LORD has given you the city. (17) The city and everything in it are to be proscribed for the LORD; only Rahab the harlot is to be spared, and all who are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers we sent. (18) But you must beware of that which is proscribed, or else you will be proscribed: if you take anything from that which is proscribed, you will cause the camp of Israel to be proscribed; you will bring calamity upon it. (19) All the silver and gold and objects of copper and iron are consecrated to the LORD; they must go into the treasury of the LORD.” (20) So the people shouted when the horns were sounded. When the people heard the sound of the horns, the people raised a mighty shout and the wall collapsed. The people rushed into the city, every man straight in front of him, and they captured the city. (21) They exterminated everything in the city with the sword: man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep and ass. (22) But Joshua bade the two men who had spied out the land, “Go into the harlot’s house and bring out the woman and all that belong to her, as you swore to her.” (23) So the young spies went in and brought out Rahab, her father and her mother, her brothers and all that belonged to her—they brought out her whole family and left them outside the camp of Israel. (24) They burned down the city and everything in it. But the silver and gold and the objects of copper and iron were deposited in the treasury of the House of the LORD. (25) Only Rahab the harlot and her father’s family were spared by Joshua, along with all that belonged to her, and she dwelt among the Israelites—as is still the case. For she had hidden the messengers that Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. (26) At that time Joshua pronounced this oath: “Cursed of the LORD be the man who shall undertake to fortify this city of Jericho: he shall lay its foundations at the cost of his first-born, and set up its gates at the cost of his youngest.” (27) The LORD was with Joshua, and his fame spread throughout the land.

1.
מהם שלושת השלבים של כיבוש יריחו ומה מאפיין כל שלב?
2.
לשופר, המשמש כלי מרכזי בכיבוש יריחו יש מספר תפקידים בתנ"ך. עיינו במקורות הבאים וחשבו כיצד תפקידיו השונים של השופר משפיעים על הבנת הסיפור:
ויקרא כ"ה, ט׳: "וְהַֽעֲבַרְתָּ֞ שׁוֹפַ֤ר תְּרוּעָה֙ בַּחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִעִ֔י בֶּעָשׂ֖וֹר לַחֹ֑דֶשׁ בְּיוֹם֙ הַכִּפֻּרִ֔ים תַּעֲבִ֥ירוּ שׁוֹפָ֖ר בְּכׇל־אַרְצְכֶֽם".
תהילים מ"ז, ו׳: "עָלָ֣ה אֱ֭לֹהִים בִּתְרוּעָ֑ה ה' בְּק֣וֹל שׁוֹפָֽר".
תהילים צ"ח, ו׳: "בַּ֭חֲצֹ֣צְרוֹת וְק֣וֹל שׁוֹפָ֑ר הָ֝רִ֗יעוּ לִפְנֵ֤י ׀ הַמֶּ֬לֶךְ ה'".
מל"א א׳, ל"ד: "וּמָשַׁ֣ח אֹת֣וֹ שָׁ֠ם צָד֨וֹק הַכֹּהֵ֜ן וְנָתָ֧ן הַנָּבִ֛יא לְמֶ֖לֶךְ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וּתְקַעְתֶּם֙ בַּשּׁוֹפָ֔ר וַאֲמַרְתֶּ֕ם יְחִ֖י הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹֽה".
שופטים ו׳, ל"ד - ז׳, כ"ה (עיינו בכל הסיפור).
3.
מי יזם את החרמת העיר, מה מתוך השלל החרימו?
4.
בפסוק כ"ו נשבע יהושע שהעיר תהיה חרבה לעולם. עיינו במל"א ט"ז, כ"ט-ל"ד, ראו מי בנה את העיר ומה היה גורלו. חישבו מה הקשר העמוק שבין חטאות אחאב בן עמרי לבין שיקום העיר יריחו.

מְפֹרָ֑שׁ וְשׂ֣וֹם שֶׂ֔כֶל - עיון

1.
בפרקים ה׳-ו׳ נס וטבע משמשים בערבוביה. כיצד המעבר מהנהגה ניסית להנהגה טבעית בא לידי ביטוי באירועים השונים?
2.
החרם בתנ"ך מופיע בשני הקשרים, עיינו: ויקרא כ"ז, כ"ח-כ"ט; דברים י"ג, י"ג-י"ט. כיצד הבנת תפקידיו השונים של החרם משפיעה על הבנת החרם בפרקנו.

וַיָּבִ֖ינוּ בַּמִּקְרָֽא - הרחבה

"וְשִׁבְעָ֣ה כֹהֲנִ֡ים יִשְׂאוּ֩ שִׁבְעָ֨ה שׁוֹפְר֤וֹת הַיּֽוֹבְלִים֙ לִפְנֵ֣י הָאָר֔וֹן וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י תָּסֹ֥בּוּ אֶת־הָעִ֖יר שֶׁ֣בַע פְּעָמִ֑ים וְהַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים יִתְקְע֖וּ בַּשּׁוֹפָרֽוֹת". (יהושע ו׳,ד׳)
"... ולפיכך תמצא בכל מקום כי במספר שבעה חול וקדושה, שבעת ימי שבוע ששה ימי חול והשביעי הוא קודש, ובחדשים השביעי גם כן קודש הוא חודש תשרי, ובשנים ששה שני עבודה והשביעית שמיטה והיא שנת קודש, וכל זה מפני כי מספר הששה הם חול והם כנגד ששה קצוות הגשם שהוא חול ואלו השביעי הוא כנגד היכל הקודש שהוא השביעי והוא באמצע ודבר זה ידוע. והרי השביעי הוא מצטרף אל השש בכל מקום, הן בימי השבוע הן בשנים ...כי כאשר יש שבעה יש כאן חבור הקודש אל הגשמי. (דרך חיים למהר"ל, על מסכת אבות פרק ה׳).

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