(א) היא שצונו לבנות בית הבחירה לעבודה, בו יהיה ההקרבה והבערת האש תמיד ואליו תהיה ההליכה והעליה לרגל והקבוץ בכל שנה. והוא אמרו יתעלה ועשו לי מקדש. ולשון ספרי שלש מצות נצטוו ישראל בעת כניסתן לארץ למנות להם מלך ולבנות להם בית הבחירה ולהכרית זרעו של עמלק. הנה התבאר שבנין בית הבחירה מצוה בפני עצמה. וכבר בארנו שזה הכלל כולל מינים רבים שהם המנורה והשלחן והמזבח וזולתם כלם מחלקי המקדש והכל יקרא מקדש, וכבר ייחד הצווי בכל חלק וחלק. אמנם אמרו במזבח מזבח אדמה תעשה לי שיחשב בזה שהיא מצוה בפני עצמה חוץ ממצות מקדש. הענין בו כמו שאספר לך אמנם פשטיה דקרא הנה הוא מבואר כי הוא מדבר בשעת היתר הבמות שהיה מותר לנו בזמן ההוא שנעשה מזבח אדמה בכל מקום ונקריב בו. וכבר אמרו כי ענין זה הוא שצוה לבנות מזבח שיהא מחובר בארץ ושלא יהיה נעתק ומטלטל כמו שהיה במדבר. והוא אמרם במכילתא דרבי ישמעאל בפירוש זה הפסוק כשתכנס לארץ עשה לי מזבח מחובר באדמה. וכאשר היה הדבר כן הנה זה הצווי נוהג לדורות ויהיה מחלקי המקדש, רוצה לומר שיבנה מזבח אבנים בהכרח. ובמכילתא אמרו בפירוש ואם מזבח אבנים תעשה לי רבי ישמעאל אומר כל אם ואם שבתורה רשות חוץ משלשה האחד מהם ואם מזבח אבנים, אמרו ואם מזבח אבנים חובה אתה אומר חובה או אינו אלא רשות תלמוד לומר אבנים שלמות תבנה וגו'. וכבר התבארו משפטי מצוה זו בכללה כלומר בנין בית המקדש ותארו ובנין המזבח והיא מבכת מחוברת לזו והיא מסכת מדות. וכן התבאר תבנית המנורה והשלחן ומזבח הזהב ומקום הנחתם מן ההיכל בגמרא מנחות ויומא. (תרומה, עבודה, בית הבחירה פ"א):
(1) The twentieth commandment is that we're commanded to build a Beit Ha-Behira for [Divine] service, in it will be sacrifices and an eternal burning of fire and to it will be the travel and pilgrimage on the festivals and gatherings every year. This is what the Torah said "make for me a Temple."
A major reason why it seems reasonable for people to make such images as reminders of the miracles G’d had performed are certain ceremonial laws such as the offering and eating of the Passover lamb, the bitter herbs, the unleavened bread, all intended to ensure that the memory of that event would not be forgotten. The commandment to make and dwell in huts on Tabernacles specifically instructs us to thereby remember the fact that the Israelites dwelled in huts during their wandering in the desert. Seeing that a Jew might want to make for himself a visible memento to remind him of his faith, the Torah had to legislate that he must not do so as once he would do so he would, in due course, substitute the symbol for the real thing and begin to worship the symbol. Such idolatry would commence with relatively innocent obeisance, such as bowing down to the symbol; ultimately it would result in properly serving such symbols. This is why the psalmist (Psalms 1,1) says: “happy the man who did not walk (following) the counsel of the wicked, or did not stand still when encountering the path of the sinners, or sit in the company of the insolent.” On this verse our sages (Avodah Zarah 18) ask: “seeing he did not follow (walk with) the wicked, how would he stand? Seeing that he did not stand, how could he sit?” What David meant to warn us of is that once one walks with the sinners, one will also stand with them and eventually one will sit with the scoffers, i.e. keep regular company with them. In order to avoid this from happening one must not even go for a brief walk with them. Once a person becomes a scoffer he will qualify for what Solomon termed: “if you scoff you bear it alone” (Proverbs 9,12). People who have sunk to that level will not be welcomed by the Shechinah. In our verse the Torah also staggers the description of the danger of idolatry; first you must avoid putting faith in any phenomena besides G’d; next you must not construct something which could become an idol; third, you must watch out that you will not prostrate yourself to an idol. The Torah commences with the relatively mild sin describing how it will lead to the most serious kind of sin.
This leads us to the apparent contradiction of the construction of the commandment in Exodus 25,18 to construct two golden cherubs, which sounds as if “the same mouth which prohibited making molten images permits them” (Ketuvot 22) in a different context. [G’d is the only One who knows when to allow or even order the making of symbols. Seeing He allows in one context He must have His reasons for prohibiting it in other contexts. Ed.]
I have already explained that seeing the written text of the Torah does not contain vowels, it is possible to supply the vowel kametz when reading the word עושה with the vowel kametz under the letter ש, so that it sounds as “ossah.” The reason we have been forbidden to write the vowels in the written text of the Torah scroll is to enable a person to understand a variety of meanings in the text which he could not find if he were bound to a specific vowel pattern under or over the consonants.
For instance, in Genesis 22,12 the word ידעתי in the sequence עתה ידעתי כי ירא אלוהים אתה, normally translated as “now I know that you are truly G’d-fearing,” would have a different meaning if the letter ד in ידעתי had a dagesh in it. It would become transitive in meaning, i.e. “Avraham made known (to the world) who and what he was in relation to G’d.” Another example where a minor change in vocalization makes a substantial difference in meaning is found in Exodus 2,5 in connection with how the daughter of Pharaoh saved Moses. The conventional reading of the words is ותשלח את אמתה ותקחה, “she dispatched her maid and took it (the basket).” The word אמה then would have the same meaning as the word שפחה. However, one can understand the word אמתה as meaning “her arm” indicating a miraculous lengthening of her arm; this is the way the sages in Sotah 12 understood it as if the letter מ had a dagesh in it. There are numerous such examples throughout the Torah.
It would have been possible to construct the cherubs in a way that one was the figure of an adult and the other the figure of a child. Ezekiel saw it like this in his vision (Ezekiel 10,14) “the appearance of the face of one was that of a minor whereas the face of the other looked like that of אדם, “an adult person.” In his vision the message would have been that the love of G’d for Israel was like the love of a father for a son, a very formidable kind of love. However, in the Tabernacle the intention was to describe an ongoing close relationship. Seeing that it was impossible to inform us of the type of relationship which exists between G’d and the Jewish people, the Torah decided to describe this by means of the cherubs in the Tabernacle. (6) Another reason for telling us all this by means of a visible symbol is to encourage us to pray for this relationship without intermediary to be maintained. This was the reason that the Ark was placed in the Holy of Holies, the site where the Shechinah resides, the ruin towards which all the eyes of Israel focus in prayer. (7) If you will study the writings of Maimonides carefully (Moreh Nevuchim 3,3) you will find that he understood the cherubs in the Tabernacle as corresponding to the cherubs which Ezekiel saw in his vision, i.e. the chayot hakodesh. Even though Ezekiel reported seeing four chayot, in reality they were really only one. We can confirm this from the wording in Ezekiel 10,20 when he refers to them in the singular, i.e. היא החיה אשר ראיתי תחת אלו-הי ישראל בנהר כבר ואדע כי כרובים המה, “they are the chayah which I had seen under the Lord G’d of Israel at the river Kevar. So now I knew they were cherubs. After Ezekiel had earlier described 4 chayot, he had subsequently realised that they were in reality a single chayah and the same as the cherubs. After Ezekiel had understood this he mentioned a second insight he had acquired that they are the Ophanim which he had previously observed next to the chayot though somewhat lower than the chayot. The wording in the text (Ezekiel 1,15) is as follows: וארא את החיות והנה אופן אחד בארץ אצל החיות, “When I saw the chayot, and here one Ophan was on the ground near the four-faced chayot.” Already during his first insight (Ezekiel 1,4) when he had the vision of the chayot he had said: וארא והנה רוח סערה גדולה: “I saw that there was a stormy wind,” etc. Still later Ezekiel speaks of a third insight he had, an insight superior to the previous ones, the understanding of the phenomenon called Chashmal. Concerning these three separate insights granted to him he applied the word Chashmal. He used the wordוארא three times to indicate that he had three separate visions. These visions are what is described in Chagigah 13 as מעשה מרכבה, the traditional name for Ezekiel’s vision. There is some disagreement as to how far the מעשה מרכבה extends. Rabbi says that it concludes with the words וארא where this word appears for the last time (1,27), whereas Rabbi Yitzchak holds that it extends only until the word חשמל, (1,4) and that what follows are headings for different aspects of what is known as מעשה מרכבה, “a description of G’d’s entourage.” [The author goes to some length to compare the construction of the cherubs, their appearance, the gold they were made of, etc., to the vision of Ezekiel. I have decided to omit this. Ed.] (8) ... Our sages in Bereshit Rabbah 1,20 explain that the angels were created on the second day of creation and that the heaven described as רקיע was created on the same day. They understand the meaning of the directive יהי רקיע in Genesis 1,6 as a reference to the “heaven” inhabited by the angels known as chayot. (9) It is important for us to appreciate that the habitat of these chayot is in the seventh רקיע, the one known as ערבות. Our sages in Chagigah 12 stated this specifically. (10) Some Kabbalists believe that above that region is one called מעון, i.e. an eighth heaven. This heaven supposedly contains what are known in kabbalistic circles as נהרי שמחה, “rivers of joy.” This is why in the seven benedictions and the introduction to the grace after meals during wedding festivities we speak of the heavens as שהשמחה במעונו, “the heaven called Ma-on which contains joy.” Above that region is yet another heaven, the ninth, known as מכון. All the last three heavens together are part of what is known as ערבות. The holy chayot are within the general domain known as ערבות. The region known as מעון is inclined above their heads. The ninth heaven, the one called מכון, contains the throne of G’d’s attribute כבוד. We know that this is also part of the general region known as ערבות from David who speaks of סולו לרוכב בערבות בי-ה שמו, “extol Him who rides the regions of heaven known as ערבות, ‘the Lord” is His name” (Psalms 68,5). We have another verse referring to the region called מכון in Kings I 8,13 where Solomon describes that region as the one where G’d has His residence, eternally. (11) A kabbalistic approach to the two cherubs. Both the cherubs in the Tabernacle and the ones in the Temple were symbolic of the fire and the thunder the Israelites experienced during the revelation at Mount Sinai. Moses had reminded the people of their experience in Deut. 4,36 when he emphasised that the origin of these phenomena had been in heaven, i.e. מן השמים. They were both constructed of gold seeing that both were recipients of input from the attributes חסד and דין, Love, and Justice. They were constructed of a single chunk of gold, מקשה, to symbolise the underlying unity of these attributes. They were male and female respectively in order to teach that these two genders represent the משפיע and the מושפע, the initiating force and the responsive force respectively. The reason they were placed at opposite ends of the kapporet (verse 19) was that one represented the “head” i.e. the beginning of the בנין in the lower, terrestrial world, whereas the other represented the סוף, the conclusion of that בנין “construction.” This is what is implied in the wording מן הכפורת תעשו את הכרובים על שני קצותיו, “from the kapporet shall you make the two cherubs at its two ends.” והיו הכרובים פורשי כנפים למעלה, the meaning of these words is that the cherubs are to receive spiritual input from the celestial regions. ופניהם איש אל אחיו, “with their faces opposite each other.” Our sages (Baba Batra 89) explain that as long as the Jewish people carry out the will of their Lord the faces of the cherubs will be turned towards the kapporet like the student who lowers his eyes before the teacher out of deference and fear. We need to understand that the kapporet together with its cherubs is an allusion to the five “lower” regions who raise their wings in an upward direction, i.e. facing the five “upper regions.” (12) This concept helps you to understand how appropriate it was that the Tablets were underneath the cherubs inside the Ark. By facing the Ark with their faces (as opposed to their wings), the cherubs indicated that they looked for inspiration from the Torah (Tablets) below them inside the Ark. Just as we heard the Torah i.e. what is inscribed on the Tablets, through fire and thunder at Mount Sinai, the cherubs’ facial direction symbolised this. The reason that the Torah repeats once moreואל הארון תתן את העדות אשר אתן אליך, “and into the Ark you shall place the Testimony which I will give you,” is a warning that the Ark is not to remain empty, without the Tablets. This is similar to the instructions (Menachot 99) that the table is not to be empty overnight of the show-breads. The Tablets inside the Ark were a symbol of G’d’s Presence as described in Isaiah 26,4 and in Exodus 23,21, where the Presence of G’d in the Tabernacle is referred to.
The cherubs which Ezekiel saw, i.e. the chayot hakodesh, corresponded to the cherubs in the Temple on the lid of the Ark. This is the meaning of what he said (Ezekiel 10,20): ואדע כי כרובים המה, “I realised that they were the cherubs.” Seeing that he had already seen cherubs which were chayot hakodesh, he realised that in a still higher region there were other cherubs, angels which he had not seen although he had seen a “sample, a pattern,” of them. (13) The cherubs which Ezekiel did see as well as the cherubs in the Tabernacle and the Temple all were a pattern of the cherubs in the higher celestial regions which he knew of but had not seen. The term “cherubs” includes such phenomena as the throne of G’d’s attribute כבוד; they are the ones to which Isaiah 64,10 referred when he said בית קדשנו ותפארתנו אשר הללוך אבותינו, “our holy Temple, our pride, where our fathers praised You.” You are aware that the sound of G’d’s voice was heard by Moses as emanating from between the two cherubs on the kapporet, from the single handbreadth of open space between their outstretched wings. This is where G’d had “compressed” His Shechinah. He did so although we have been told elsewhere (Jeremiah 23,24) “for I fill heaven and earth, says the Lord.” (14) You also find in Tanchuma Vayakhel 7 that Rabbi Joshua from Sakinin said: “the way to understand all this is by means of a parable: there was a cave at the beach of the sea. Whenever the sea was rough the cave was filled with water; nonetheless the sea did not appear to have lost any of its volume.” In a similar manner G’d compressed His Shechinah into a small space without impairing the truth of the statement in Psalms 148,13 הודו על ארץ ושמים, “that His splendour covers heaven and earth.” (15) When we consider the framework of man you will find that man possesses three special organs, each one of which is about the size of the space between the wings of the cherubs in the Tabernacle. These three organs contain the letters of the tetragrammaton, each organ, one of them. (The organs are מילה, פה,לשון — the male organ, the mouth and the tongue). The word הלב has the fourth letter of the tetragrammaton i.e. the second letter ה of the name “Hashem.” (16) Our sages in Bamidbar Rabbah 12,10 say that the kapporet on the Ark corresponds to the Seraphim in the celestial regions which are above the throne as we know from Isaiah 6,2 שרפים עומדים ממעל לו “Seraphim were standing ‘above’ him.” These Seraphim are “advisors” of the Shechinah. There are two of them. They too are part of the beings called cherubs.
It would have been possible to construct the cherubs in a way that one was the figure of an adult and the other the figure of a child. Ezekiel saw it like this in his vision (Ezekiel 10,14) “the appearance of the face of one was that of a minor whereas the face of the other looked like that of אדם, “an adult person.” In his vision the message would have been that the love of G’d for Israel was like the love of a father for a son, a very formidable kind of love. However, in the Tabernacle the intention was to describe an ongoing close relationship. Seeing that it was impossible to inform us of the type of relationship which exists between G’d and the Jewish people, the Torah decided to describe this by means of the cherubs in the Tabernacle. (6) Another reason for telling us all this by means of a visible symbol is to encourage us to pray for this relationship without intermediary to be maintained. This was the reason that the Ark was placed in the Holy of Holies, the site where the Shechinah resides, the ruin towards which all the eyes of Israel focus in prayer. (7) If you will study the writings of Maimonides carefully (Moreh Nevuchim 3,3) you will find that he understood the cherubs in the Tabernacle as corresponding to the cherubs which Ezekiel saw in his vision, i.e. the chayot hakodesh. Even though Ezekiel reported seeing four chayot, in reality they were really only one. We can confirm this from the wording in Ezekiel 10,20 when he refers to them in the singular, i.e. היא החיה אשר ראיתי תחת אלו-הי ישראל בנהר כבר ואדע כי כרובים המה, “they are the chayah which I had seen under the Lord G’d of Israel at the river Kevar. So now I knew they were cherubs. After Ezekiel had earlier described 4 chayot, he had subsequently realised that they were in reality a single chayah and the same as the cherubs. After Ezekiel had understood this he mentioned a second insight he had acquired that they are the Ophanim which he had previously observed next to the chayot though somewhat lower than the chayot. The wording in the text (Ezekiel 1,15) is as follows: וארא את החיות והנה אופן אחד בארץ אצל החיות, “When I saw the chayot, and here one Ophan was on the ground near the four-faced chayot.” Already during his first insight (Ezekiel 1,4) when he had the vision of the chayot he had said: וארא והנה רוח סערה גדולה: “I saw that there was a stormy wind,” etc. Still later Ezekiel speaks of a third insight he had, an insight superior to the previous ones, the understanding of the phenomenon called Chashmal. Concerning these three separate insights granted to him he applied the word Chashmal. He used the wordוארא three times to indicate that he had three separate visions. These visions are what is described in Chagigah 13 as מעשה מרכבה, the traditional name for Ezekiel’s vision. There is some disagreement as to how far the מעשה מרכבה extends. Rabbi says that it concludes with the words וארא where this word appears for the last time (1,27), whereas Rabbi Yitzchak holds that it extends only until the word חשמל, (1,4) and that what follows are headings for different aspects of what is known as מעשה מרכבה, “a description of G’d’s entourage.” [The author goes to some length to compare the construction of the cherubs, their appearance, the gold they were made of, etc., to the vision of Ezekiel. I have decided to omit this. Ed.] (8) ... Our sages in Bereshit Rabbah 1,20 explain that the angels were created on the second day of creation and that the heaven described as רקיע was created on the same day. They understand the meaning of the directive יהי רקיע in Genesis 1,6 as a reference to the “heaven” inhabited by the angels known as chayot. (9) It is important for us to appreciate that the habitat of these chayot is in the seventh רקיע, the one known as ערבות. Our sages in Chagigah 12 stated this specifically. (10) Some Kabbalists believe that above that region is one called מעון, i.e. an eighth heaven. This heaven supposedly contains what are known in kabbalistic circles as נהרי שמחה, “rivers of joy.” This is why in the seven benedictions and the introduction to the grace after meals during wedding festivities we speak of the heavens as שהשמחה במעונו, “the heaven called Ma-on which contains joy.” Above that region is yet another heaven, the ninth, known as מכון. All the last three heavens together are part of what is known as ערבות. The holy chayot are within the general domain known as ערבות. The region known as מעון is inclined above their heads. The ninth heaven, the one called מכון, contains the throne of G’d’s attribute כבוד. We know that this is also part of the general region known as ערבות from David who speaks of סולו לרוכב בערבות בי-ה שמו, “extol Him who rides the regions of heaven known as ערבות, ‘the Lord” is His name” (Psalms 68,5). We have another verse referring to the region called מכון in Kings I 8,13 where Solomon describes that region as the one where G’d has His residence, eternally. (11) A kabbalistic approach to the two cherubs. Both the cherubs in the Tabernacle and the ones in the Temple were symbolic of the fire and the thunder the Israelites experienced during the revelation at Mount Sinai. Moses had reminded the people of their experience in Deut. 4,36 when he emphasised that the origin of these phenomena had been in heaven, i.e. מן השמים. They were both constructed of gold seeing that both were recipients of input from the attributes חסד and דין, Love, and Justice. They were constructed of a single chunk of gold, מקשה, to symbolise the underlying unity of these attributes. They were male and female respectively in order to teach that these two genders represent the משפיע and the מושפע, the initiating force and the responsive force respectively. The reason they were placed at opposite ends of the kapporet (verse 19) was that one represented the “head” i.e. the beginning of the בנין in the lower, terrestrial world, whereas the other represented the סוף, the conclusion of that בנין “construction.” This is what is implied in the wording מן הכפורת תעשו את הכרובים על שני קצותיו, “from the kapporet shall you make the two cherubs at its two ends.” והיו הכרובים פורשי כנפים למעלה, the meaning of these words is that the cherubs are to receive spiritual input from the celestial regions. ופניהם איש אל אחיו, “with their faces opposite each other.” Our sages (Baba Batra 89) explain that as long as the Jewish people carry out the will of their Lord the faces of the cherubs will be turned towards the kapporet like the student who lowers his eyes before the teacher out of deference and fear. We need to understand that the kapporet together with its cherubs is an allusion to the five “lower” regions who raise their wings in an upward direction, i.e. facing the five “upper regions.” (12) This concept helps you to understand how appropriate it was that the Tablets were underneath the cherubs inside the Ark. By facing the Ark with their faces (as opposed to their wings), the cherubs indicated that they looked for inspiration from the Torah (Tablets) below them inside the Ark. Just as we heard the Torah i.e. what is inscribed on the Tablets, through fire and thunder at Mount Sinai, the cherubs’ facial direction symbolised this. The reason that the Torah repeats once moreואל הארון תתן את העדות אשר אתן אליך, “and into the Ark you shall place the Testimony which I will give you,” is a warning that the Ark is not to remain empty, without the Tablets. This is similar to the instructions (Menachot 99) that the table is not to be empty overnight of the show-breads. The Tablets inside the Ark were a symbol of G’d’s Presence as described in Isaiah 26,4 and in Exodus 23,21, where the Presence of G’d in the Tabernacle is referred to.
The cherubs which Ezekiel saw, i.e. the chayot hakodesh, corresponded to the cherubs in the Temple on the lid of the Ark. This is the meaning of what he said (Ezekiel 10,20): ואדע כי כרובים המה, “I realised that they were the cherubs.” Seeing that he had already seen cherubs which were chayot hakodesh, he realised that in a still higher region there were other cherubs, angels which he had not seen although he had seen a “sample, a pattern,” of them. (13) The cherubs which Ezekiel did see as well as the cherubs in the Tabernacle and the Temple all were a pattern of the cherubs in the higher celestial regions which he knew of but had not seen. The term “cherubs” includes such phenomena as the throne of G’d’s attribute כבוד; they are the ones to which Isaiah 64,10 referred when he said בית קדשנו ותפארתנו אשר הללוך אבותינו, “our holy Temple, our pride, where our fathers praised You.” You are aware that the sound of G’d’s voice was heard by Moses as emanating from between the two cherubs on the kapporet, from the single handbreadth of open space between their outstretched wings. This is where G’d had “compressed” His Shechinah. He did so although we have been told elsewhere (Jeremiah 23,24) “for I fill heaven and earth, says the Lord.” (14) You also find in Tanchuma Vayakhel 7 that Rabbi Joshua from Sakinin said: “the way to understand all this is by means of a parable: there was a cave at the beach of the sea. Whenever the sea was rough the cave was filled with water; nonetheless the sea did not appear to have lost any of its volume.” In a similar manner G’d compressed His Shechinah into a small space without impairing the truth of the statement in Psalms 148,13 הודו על ארץ ושמים, “that His splendour covers heaven and earth.” (15) When we consider the framework of man you will find that man possesses three special organs, each one of which is about the size of the space between the wings of the cherubs in the Tabernacle. These three organs contain the letters of the tetragrammaton, each organ, one of them. (The organs are מילה, פה,לשון — the male organ, the mouth and the tongue). The word הלב has the fourth letter of the tetragrammaton i.e. the second letter ה of the name “Hashem.” (16) Our sages in Bamidbar Rabbah 12,10 say that the kapporet on the Ark corresponds to the Seraphim in the celestial regions which are above the throne as we know from Isaiah 6,2 שרפים עומדים ממעל לו “Seraphim were standing ‘above’ him.” These Seraphim are “advisors” of the Shechinah. There are two of them. They too are part of the beings called cherubs.
(א) ועשית שנים כרובים. והלא אמר לך וצוך במעמד הר סיני לא תעשה לך פסל וכל תמונה (שמות כ' ד'). לא קשיא, לך לא תעשה אבל לי עשה, כיוצא בו מחלליה מות יומת וגו' (שמות ל"א י"ד) ובמקום אחר אומר וביום השבת שני כבשים (במדבר כ"ח ט'), כיוצא בו ערות אשת אחיך וגו' (ויקרא י"ח ט"ז), ואמר אחר מכאן יבמה יבוא עליה (דברים כ"ה ה'):
(ד) [ד] "ויביאו אותו אל משה"-- ולא הביאו המקושש עמו. "ושם אמו שלומית בת דברי למטה דן"-- גנאי הוא לו וגנאי לאמו וגנאי למשפחתו וגנאי לשבטו שיצא ממנו. וכנגדו אתה אומר (שמות לח, כג) "ואתו אהליאב בן אחיסמך למטה דן חרש וחושב"-- שבח הוא לו ושבח לאביו ושבח למשפחתו ושבח לשבטו שיצא ממנו.
(4) 4) "And they brought him to Moses": But they did not bring the wood-gatherer (mekoshesh) with him (see Bamidbar 15:32). "And the name of his mother was Shlomith the daughter of Divri, of the tribe of Dan." a blemish to himself, a blemish to his mother, a blemish to his family, and a blemish to his tribe whence he came.
(ח) בְּיוֹם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ג, יא): צְאֶינָה וּרְאֶינָה בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן וגו', מְדַבֵּר בְּעֵת שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה הַשְּׁכִינָה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן. צְאֶינָה וּרְאֶינָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ויקרא ט, כד): וַיַּרְא כָּל הָעָם וַיָּרֹנוּ וַיִּפְּלוּ עַל פְּנֵיהֶם. בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן, הַמְצֻיָּנִים לוֹ בְּמִילָה, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מְהוּלִים לֹא הָיוּ יְכוֹלִין לְהַבִּיט בַּשְּׁכִינָה, אֶלָּא נוֹפְלִים הָיוּ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנָּפַל אַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יז, ג): וַיִּפֹּל אַבְרָם עַל פָּנָיו וַיְדַבֵּר אִתּוֹ אֱלֹהִים. וְכֵן בְּבִלְעָם אוֹמֵר (במדבר כד, ד טז): נֹפֵל וּגְלוּי עֵינָיִם. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ט, ו): "וַיֹּאמֶר משֶׁה זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' תַּעֲשׂוּ וְיֵרָא אֲלֵיכֶם כְּבוֹד ה'. מַהוּ זֶה הַדָּבָר, עַל הַמִּילָה אָמַר לָהֶם, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (יהושע ה, ד): וְזֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר מָל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה', לַעֲשׂוֹת לְאַבְרָהָם, מָשָׁל לְחֶנְוָנִי אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אוֹהֵב וְהָיָה כֹּהֵן, וְהָיָה לוֹ טֻמְאָה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל אוֹהֲבוֹ, וְהָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לַהֲבִיאוֹ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ הַכֹּהֵן אִם אַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ כְּדֵי שֶׁאָבוֹא לְתוֹךְ בֵּיתְךָ, שְׁמַע לִי וְהָסֵר טֻמְאָה מִתּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ. וּכְשֶׁיָּדַע הַחֶנְוָנִי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם טֻמְאָה, הָלַךְ וְהֵבִיא הַכֹּהֵן אֶל בֵּיתוֹ. כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְהֵרָאוֹת לְאַבְרָהָם אוֹהֲבוֹ, הָיְתָה עָרְלָה תְּלוּיָה בוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּל עַצְמוֹ מִיָּד נִגְלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יז, כו): בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִמּוֹל אַבְרָהָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (בראשית יח, א): וַיֵּרָא אֵלָיו ה'. לְפִיכָךְ אָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה, הַמִּילָה צִוָּה הָאֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת לְאַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם בְּעֵת שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְהֵרָאוֹת לוֹ, אַף אַתֶּם מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּכֶם עָרֵל יֵצֵא וְיִמּוֹל עַצְמוֹ וְיֵרָא אֲלֵיכֶם כְּבוֹד ה', לְכָךְ אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה: צְאֶינָה וּרְאֶינָה בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהוּא חָפֵץ בִּשְׁלֵמִים, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (בראשית יז, א): הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים, שֶׁהָעָרְלָה מוּם הִיא בַּגּוּף. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁבָּרָא בְּרִיּוֹתָיו שְׁלֵמִים, בָּרָא חַמָּה וְיָרֵחַ עַל מְלֵאָתָן, וְכָל מַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית בְּקוֹמָתָם נִבְרָאוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, א): הָאָרֶץ וְכָל צְבָאָם. בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר אָדָם וְחַוָּה כִּבְנֵי עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה נִבְרָאוּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהִשְׁלִים מַעֲשָׂיו לְאוֹהֲבָיו, הִשְׁלִים אֵשׁ לְאַבְרָהָם, חֶרֶב לְיִצְחָק, מַלְאָכִים לְיַעֲקֹב. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בֵּין בְּרִיּוֹתָיו, הַחַיּוֹת שֶׁל אֵשׁ וְהָרָקִיעַ שֶׁל שֶׁלֶג. הַחַיּוֹת שֶׁל אֵשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל א, יד): וְהַחַיּוֹת רָצוֹא וָשׁוֹב כְּמַרְאֵה הַבָּזָק. וְהָרָקִיעַ שֶׁל שֶׁלֶג, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל א, כב): וּדְמוּת עַל רָאשֵׁי הַחַיָּה רָקִיעַ כְּעֵין הַקֶּרַח וגו', וְלֹא זֶה מְכַבֶּה אֶת זֶה וְלֹא זֶה מְכַלֶּה אֶת זֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כְּתִיב (איוב כה, ב): הַמְשֵׁל וָפַחַד עִמּוֹ וגו', הַמְשֵׁל, זֶה מִיכָאֵל, וְהוּא שֶׁל שֶׁלֶג, וָפַחַד, זֶה גַּבְרִיאֵל, וְהוּא שֶׁל אֵשׁ, מַהוּ עִמּוֹ, מוֹשְׁלִים לוֹ, לֹא זֶה מַזִּיק אֶת זֶה וְלֹא זֶה מַזִּיק אֶת זֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין לֹא סוֹף דָּבָר בֵּין מַלְאָךְ לְמַלְאָךְ אֲפִלּוּ בַּמַּלְאָךְ עַצְמוֹ הוּא עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם, וְאִית בֵּיהּ חָמֵשׁ אַפִּין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל י, ו): וּגְוִיָּתוֹ כְתַרְשִׁישׁ וּפָנָיו כְּמַרְאֵה בָּרָק וגו', לֹא זֶה מְכַבֶּה אֶת זֶה וְלֹא זֶה מְכַלֶּה אֶת זֶה. כְּתִיב (דניאל ז, י): נְהַר דִּי נוּר נָגֵד וְנָפֵק, וְהָרָקִיעַ שֶׁל מַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קד, ג): הַמְקָרֶה בַמַּיִם עֲלִיּוֹתָיו, וְלֹא זֶה מְכַבֶּה אֶת זֶה וְלֹא זֶה מְכַלֶּה אֶת זֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנָן (איוב כה, ב): עֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, מֵעוֹלָם לֹא רָאֲתָה חַמָּה פְּגִימָתָהּ שֶׁל לְבָנָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לֵית מַזָּל חָמֵי בְּמָה דְקָדֵם לֵיהּ וְלֵית מַזָּל חָמֵי בְּמָה דִּלְעֵיל מִינֵיהּ, אֶלָּא בְּמָה דִּלְרַע מִינֵיהּ, כְּהָדֵין בַּר נָשׁ דְּהוּא נָחֵית בְּסוּלְמָא הָפוּךְ לַאֲחוֹרָיו. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אוֹמֵר הָרָקִיעַ הוּא שֶׁל מַיִם וְהַכּוֹכָבִים שֶׁל אֵשׁ וְהֵן דָּרִים זֶה עִם זֶה וְאֵינָן מַזִּיקִין זֶה אֶת זֶה, וַאֲפִלּוּ בֵּין הַמַּכּוֹת הוּא עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות ט, כד): וַיְהִי בָרָד וְאֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּחַת בְּתוֹךְ הַבָּרָד, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר צְלוֹחִיּוֹת שֶׁל בָּרָד מְלֵאוֹת אֵשׁ. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר אֵשׁ וּבָרָד פְּתוּכִים זֶה בָּזֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי חָנָן טַעֲמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה כַּהֲדָא פְּרֵטָתָא דְּרוּמָנָא דְּחַרְצִינְתֵהּ מִתְחַמְיָא מִלְּגָו. טַעֲמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה כַּהֲדָא שָׁאשִׁיתָא דְּקַנְדֵּילָא דְּמַיָא וּמִשְׁחָא מְעֹרָבִים כַּחֲדָא וְהִיא דָלְקָא מִן גַּבֵּיהוֹן. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן רַבִּי סִימוֹן מַהוּ מִתְלַקַּחַת, מָיְתָא וּמִתְקַהֲלָא לַעֲשׂוֹת שְׁלִיחוּתָהּ בִּשְׁבִיל לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹן בּוֹרְאָהּ. אָמַר רַב אַדָּא לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ שְׁנֵי לִגְיוֹנוֹת קָשִׁים וְהָיוּ מְרִיבִים זֶה לָזֶה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ מִלְחַמְתּוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, עָשׂוּ שָׁלוֹם זֶה עִם זֶה וּבָאוּ וְעָשׂוּ מִלְחַמְתּוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ. כָּךְ אֵשׁ וּבָרָד מְרִיבִים זֶה לָזֶה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ מִלְחַמְתּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמִצְרַיִם, נֶאֱמַר: וַיְהִי בָרָד וְאֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּחַת בְּתוֹךְ הַבָּרָד, נֵס בְּתוֹךְ נֵס, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: "בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה. (שיר השירים ג, יא): בָּעֲטָרָה שֶׁעִטְרָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק חָזַרְנוּ עַל כָּל הַמִּקְרָא וְלֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁעָשְׂתָה בַּת שֶׁבַע עֲטָרָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה בְּנָהּ, אֶלָּא עֲטָרָה זֶה אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, כָּעֲטָרָה הַזֹּאת שֶׁמְקֻבַּעַת בַּאֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת וּמְעֻטֶּרֶת בִּתְכֵלֶת וּבְאַרְגָּמָן וּבְתוֹלַעַת הַשֵּׁנִי וּבַשֵּׁשׁ. אָמַר רַב חוֹנְיָא, שָׁאַל רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אָמַר לוֹ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ מֵאָבִיךָ מַהוּ בָּעֲטָרָה שֶׁעִטְּרָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ הֵן, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיְתָה לוֹ בַּת יְחִידָה וְהָיָה אוֹהֲבָהּ יוֹתֵר מִדַּאי, לֹא זָז מֵחַבְּבָהּ עַד שֶׁקָּרָא אוֹתָהּ אֲחוֹתוֹ, לֹא זָז מֵחַבְּבָהּ עַד שֶׁקָּרָא אוֹתָהּ אִמּוֹ. כָּךְ הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְחַבֵּב אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, קְרָאָן (שיר השירים ה, ב): אֲחֹתִי רַעֲיָתִי יוֹנָתִי תַמָּתִי, לֹא זָז מֵחַבְּבָן עַד שֶׁקְּרָאָן אִמּוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה נא, ד): הַקְשִׁיבוּ אֵלַי עַמִּי וּלְאוּמִּי אֵלַי הַאֲזִינוּ, וּלְאִמִּי כְּתִיב, עָמַד רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי וּנְשָׁקוֹ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ אִלּוּלֵי לֹא יָצָאתִי לָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא לִשְׁמֹעַ טַעַם זֶה מִפִּיךָ דָּי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִמּוֹ, אֻמָּתוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה עֲשׂוּ לִי מִשְׁכָּן, הָיָה לוֹ לְהַעֲמִיד אַרְבַּע קוֹנְטִיסִים וְלִמְתֹּחַ אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן עֲלֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֶרְאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה לְמַעְלָן אֵשׁ אֲדֻמָּה, אֵשׁ יְרֻקָּה, אֵשׁ שְׁחוֹרָה, אֵשׁ לְבָנָה, אָמַר לוֹ: כַּתַּבְנִית (שמות כה, מ): אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה מָרְאֶה בָּהָר. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי בַּצְלָה, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לְבוּשׁ מְשֻׁבָּח עָשׂוּי בְּמַרְגָּלִיטוֹן, אָמַר לְבֶן בֵּיתוֹ עֲשֵׂה לִי כָּזֶה, אָמַר לוֹ אֲדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ יָכוֹל אֲנִי לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּמוֹתוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי בִּכְבוֹדִי וְאַתָּה בְּסַמְמָנֶיךָ. כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֱלֹהַי יָכוֹל אֲנִי לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּאֵלֶּה, אָמַר לוֹ כַּתַּבְנִית אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי וגו' (שמות לה, לה) (שמות לח, כג): בַּתְּכֵלֶת וּבָאַרְגָּמָן וּבְתוֹלַעַת הַשָּׁנִי וּבַשֵּׁשׁ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אִם אַתְּ עוֹשֶׂה מַה שֶּׁלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה, אֲנִי מֵנִיחַ סַנְקְלִיטוֹן שֶׁלִּי שֶׁל מַעְלָה וְאֵרֵד וַאֲצַמְצֵם שְׁכִינָתִי בֵּינֵיהֶם לְמַטָּה, לְמַעְלָה (ישעיה ו, ב): שְׂרָפִים עֹמְדִים, אַף לְמַטָּה (שמות כו, טו): עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים עֹמְדִים. הַעֲמֵד אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא עֹמְדִים, כַּנָּתוּן בְּאִסְטְרָטִיָּא שֶׁל מַעְלָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: שְׂרָפִים עֹמְדִים מִמַּעַל לוֹ, מַה לְּמַעְלָה כּוֹכָבִים, אַף לְמַטָּה כּוֹכָבִים. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ קַרְסֵי הַזָּהָב נִרְאִין בַּמִּשְׁכָּן כַּכּוֹכָבִים הַקְּבוּעִים בָּרָקִיעַ. (שיר השירים ג, יא): בְּיוֹם חֲתֻנָּתוֹ, זֶה סִינַי, חִתּוּנִין הָיוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יט, י): וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם הַיּוֹם וּמָחָר. וּבְיוֹם שִׂמְחַת לִבּוֹ, זֶה מַתַּן תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לא, יח): וַיִּתֵּן אֶל משֶׁה כְּכַתוֹ וגו', כְּכַלָתוֹ כְּתִיב. דָּבָר אַחֵר בְּיוֹם חֲתֻנָּתוֹ, זֶה אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד. וּבְיוֹם שִׂמְחַת לִבּוֹ, זֶה בֵּית הָעוֹלָמִים. וּמִנַּיִן לְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד שֶׁחִתּוּנִין הָיוּ, דִּכְתִיב: בְּיוֹם כַּלּוֹת משֶׁה לְהָקִים אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, כַּלַּת כְּתִיב, בְּיוֹמָא דְּעָלַת כַּלָּתָא לִגְנָנָא.
(ב) דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב מְאֹד וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי עִילְאָי לֹא הִיא יִרְאָה לֹא הִיא צָרָה, אֶלָּא וַיִּירָא שֶׁלֹא יַהֲרֹג, וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ שֶׁלֹא יֵהָרֵג, אָמַר אִם הוּא מִתְגַּבֵּר עָלַי, הוֹרְגֵנִי, וְאִם אֲנִי מִתְגַּבֵּר עָלָיו אֲנִי הוֹרְגוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא וַיִּירָא שֶׁלֹא יַהֲרֹג וַיֵּצֶר לוֹ שֶׁלֹא יֵהָרֵג. אָמַר כָּל הַשָּׁנִים הַלָּלוּ יוֹשֵׁב בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, תֹּאמַר שֶׁהוּא בָּא עָלַי מִכֹּחַ יְשִׁיבַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. כָּל הַשָּׁנִים הַלָּלוּ הוּא יוֹשֵׁב וּמְכַבֵּד אֶת הוֹרָיו, תֹּאמַר שֶׁהוּא בָּא עָלַי מִכֹּחַ כִּבּוּד אָב וָאֵם, שֶׁהֲרֵי כָּךְ אָמַר (בראשית כז, מא): יִקְרְבוּ יְמֵי אֵבֶל אָבִי, תֹּאמַר שֶׁמֵּת אוֹתוֹ זָקֵן וּבָא עָלַי לְהָרְגֵנִי, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן כָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית לא, ג): שׁוּב אֶל אֶרֶץ אֲבוֹתֶיךָ וּלְמוֹלַדְתְּךָ. תֹּאמַר עַד כָּאן הָיוּ הַתְּנָאִים (בראשית כח, כ): וּשְׁמָרַנִי בַּדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה וְלֹא יוֹתֵר, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן אָמַר לוֹ הַמָּקוֹם (בראשית לא, ג): שׁוּב אֶל אֶרֶץ אֲבוֹתֶיךָ, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב מְאֹד, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין הַבְטָחָה לַצַּדִּיק בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. רַב הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר (בראשית כח, טו): וְהִנֵּה אָנֹכִי עִמָּךְ, (בראשית כח, כ): אִם יִהְיֶה אֱלֹהִים עִמָּדִי, אֶלָא מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין הַבְטָחָה לַצַּדִּיק בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. רַב הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַב אַחָא אָמַר (שמות ג, יב): וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי אֶהְיֶה עִמָּךְ, וְאֵין דָּבָר רָע מַזִּיקָךְ, וּכְתִיב (בראשית ד, כד): וַיְהִי בַדֶּרֶךְ בַּמָּלוֹן, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין הַבְטָחָה לַצַּדִּיק בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָנִין דְּצִיפּוֹרִין אָמַר (מלכים א א, לו): וַיַּעַן בְּנָיָהוּ בֶן יְהוֹיָדָע אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיֹּאמֶר אָמֵן כֵּן יֹאמַר, וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כב, ט): הִנֵּה בֵן נוֹלָד לָךְ הוּא יִהְיֶה אִישׁ מְנוּחָה, אֶלָּא אָמַר הַרְבֵּה קָטֵיגוֹרִין יַעַמְדוּ מִכָּאן וְעַד גִּיחוֹן.