Great Questions About The Ten Commandments A "Speed Dating" Style Study session

Part One: Will the real first commandment please stand up?

Think you know what is the first of the Ten Commandments? Well, not everyone agrees. Read both sides and discuss what you think is the right answer.

(א) היא הצווי אשר צונו בהאמנת האלהות, והוא שנאמין שיש שם עלה וסבה הוא פועל לכל הנמצאים, והוא אמרו אנכי ה' אלהיך.

(1) That is the command that He commanded us to believe in God. And that is that we believe that there is an Origin and Cause, that He is the power of all that exists. And [the source of the command] is His saying (Exodus 20:2), "I am the Lord your God."

(א) בית יעקב לכו ונלכה באור ה׳

יסוד האמונות ושרש ההתחלות אשר יישירו אל ידיעת האמת בפנות התורה [האלהית] הוא האמונה במציאות האל יתברך ולהיות הכוונה בחלק הזה (אמונות) [אמות] פנות ודעות תורת האל יתברך וראוי שנחקור בשרש הזה ואופן עמידתינו עליו. ואולם היות שרש התחלות התורה (האל יתברך) [האלהי'] הוא האמונה במציאות האל יתברך הוא מבואר בעצמו להיות התורה מסודדת ומצווה ממסדר ומצוה. ואין ענין להיות האל יתברך זולת היות המסדר והמצוה האל ית' ולזה טעה טעות מפורסם מי שמנה במצות עשה להאמין מציאות האל יתברך וזה כי המצוה [מן] המצטרף ולא יצוייר מצוה בזולת מצוה ידוע. ולזה באשר נטה אמונת מציאות האל יתברך מצוה כבר נניח אמונת מציאות האל יתברך קודמת בידיעה לאמונת מציאות האל ואם נניח גם כן אמונת מציאות האל הקודמת מצוה יתחייב גם כן אמונת מציאות האל קודמת וכן לבלתי תכלית ויתחייב שתהיה אמונת מציאות האל מצות בלתי בעל תכלית וכל זה בתכלית הבטול ולזה הוא מבואר שאין ראוי למנות אמונת מציאות האל במצות עשה. ו

(2) Yet, if the first command of the Torah were to be belief in the existence of God, the Blessed, the commander would be commanded. And it is the nature of God to only be the one commanding, not a thing that is commanded! Yet this is the famous mistake of those who counted as a positive commandment belief in the existence of God, the Blessed, and this mistake is that the commands do not stand alone, there is no system of commands without a known and recognized commander.

(3) And for this, when you count believing in God as a commandment, you already assume the existence of a God to command you, which you already knew that you should believe in. And if you were to believe that a God commanded you to believe in a God, you'd have to know that a God commanded you to believe in a God! And it would go on forever, this infinite chain of things you'd need to believe in, and so the whole point would be destroyed. And that is why you should never count believing in the existence of God, the Commander, as a commandment.

Part Two: Honor your father and your mother." How far should we go to honor our parents? Read the following stories. Do the children in the story honor their parents appropriately, or is their behavior deferential to a fault?

רבי טרפון הוה ליה ההיא אמא דכל אימת דהות בעיא למיסק לפוריא גחין וסליק לה וכל אימת דהות נחית נחתת עלויה אתא וקא משתבח בי מדרשא אמרי ליה עדיין לא הגעת לחצי כיבוד כלום זרקה ארנקי בפניך לים ולא הכלמתה

The Gemara relates: Rabbi Tarfon had a certain manner of treating his mother, that whenever she wished to ascend into her bed he would bend over and help her to ascend, and whenever she wished to descend from the bed, she would descend onto him. He came and praised himself in the study hall for performing the mitzva of honoring one’s father and mother so thoroughly. They said to him: You still have not reached even half of the honor due to her. Has it ever happened that she threw a purse into the sea in front of you, and you did not embarrass her?

כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר פַּעַם אַחַת הָיָה לָבוּשׁ סִירְקוֹן שֶׁל זָהָב וְהָיָה יוֹשֵׁב בֵּין גְּדוֹלֵי רוֹמִי וּבָאתָה אִמּוֹ וּקְרָעַתּוּ מִמֶּנּוּ וְטָפְחָה לוֹ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וְיָרְקָה לוֹ בְּפָנָיו וְלֹא הִכְלִימָהּ
When Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said: Once Dama ben Netina was wearing a fine cloak [sirkon] of gold, and was sitting among the nobles of Rome. And his mother came to him and tore his garment from him and smacked him on the head and spat in his face, and yet he did not embarrass her.

Part Three: "Do not kill." If someone dies and we could have prevented it, are we liable? Compare the answers of Rabbi Akiva and Ben Petora in the passage below. Who (if anyone) has the right answer?

ורבי יוחנן האי וחי אחיך עמך מאי עביד ליה מבעי ליה לכדתניא שנים שהיו מהלכין בדרך וביד אחד מהן קיתון של מים אם שותין שניהם מתים ואם שותה אחד מהן מגיע לישוב דרש בן פטורא מוטב שישתו שניהם וימותו ואל יראה אחד מהם במיתתו של חבירו עד שבא ר' עקיבא ולימד וחי אחיך עמך חייך קודמים לחיי חבירך
The Gemara asks: And Rabbi Yoḥanan, what does he do with this verse: “And your brother shall live with you”? The Gemara answers: He requires the verse for that which is taught in a baraita: If two people were walking on a desolate path and there was a jug [kiton] of water in the possession of one of them, and the situation was such that if both drink from the jug, both will die, as there is not enough water, but if only one of them drinks, he will reach a settled area, there is a dispute as to the halakha. Ben Petora taught: It is preferable that both of them drink and die, and let neither one of them see the death of the other. This was the accepted opinion until Rabbi Akiva came and taught that the verse states: “And your brother shall live with you,” indicating that your life takes precedence over the life of the other.

Part Four: " You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.." is it always incumbent upon us to tell the truth? The passages below suggest that the answer is definitely "no'. Do you agree. Is there a difference between be permitted to lie and it being a mitzvah to lie? Do you see any dangers in having the latitude to lie.

וְאָמַר רַבִּי אִילְעָא מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: מוּתָּר לוֹ לָאָדָם לְשַׁנּוֹת בִּדְבַר הַשָּׁלוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אָבִיךְ צִוָּה וְגוֹ׳ כֹּה תֹאמְרוּ לְיוֹסֵף אָנָּא שָׂא נָא וְגוֹ׳״. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: מִצְוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל אֵיךְ אֵלֵךְ וְשָׁמַע שָׁאוּל וַהֲרָגָנִי וְגוֹ׳״.
And Rabbi Ile’a further said in the name of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon: It is permitted for a person to depart from the truth in a matter that will bring peace, as it is stated: “Your father commanded before he died, saying: So you shall say to Joseph: Please pardon your brothers’ crime, etc.” (Genesis 50:16–17). Jacob never issued this command, but his sons falsely attributed this statement to him in order to preserve peace between them and Joseph. Rabbi Natan says: It is a mitzva to depart from the truth in order to preserve peace, as it is stated: “And Samuel said: How can I go, and Saul will hear and kill me” (I Samuel 16:2). God responded in the next verse that Samuel should say he went to sacrifice an offering, indicating that God commands one to lie in order to preserve peace.

Bonus Round: In the aftermath of the mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas, Rabbi Cory Kozburg wrote the following in The Times of Israel. What do you think? What objections might the rabbis have?

In the wake of the horrific tragedy in Uvalde when someone posted the following on social media:

I don’t remember a single school shooting when I was a kid. What I do remember is our teacher having us begin the day reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, reading from the Bible and praying. We also had the Ten Commandments on the wall.

Maybe getting rid of those things wasn’t such a good idea after all.

It brought back the memory of Mrs. Pickett’s second-grade class: daily recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, the 23rd Psalm and the Ten Commandments prominently posted on one of her bulletin boards.

In recent times, there has been a good deal of effort to rid American public schools and American public life of saying prayers, of displaying the Ten Commandments, and of reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Those who support these efforts believe that they threaten the rights of those who are not religious or particularly patriotic. Indeed, they may have a sound, constitutionally legal argument.

But their removal has had clear consequences to our social order, and those consequences have been negative: more violence (and not just with guns!), breakdown of the family, more tolerance of corruption, and less respect for law and order. Our Sages believed that without all humans — not just the Jews — eventually accepting the moral authority of Israel’s G-d (the only Deity that demanded moral behavior from human beings), the world could and would ultimately return to the moral chaos of Noah’s time, when there were no laws and rules, and everyone literally did what was right in his/her own eyes.

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Curiously, Jews in the US often have been at the forefront of these efforts to remove public prayer and virtually any expression of ethical monotheism from the public arena. It is curious because Shavuot itself commemorates the moment in history when we Jews were assigned to be the agents of bringing ethical monotheism into the world. Whenever we recite the Aleynu prayer, we praise G-d for giving us this assignment, but also pray that eventually all humanity will accept those tenets for which we are supposed to be the “walking commercials.”

Yes, we often hear that people do not need G-d to be good, and it is true that a person can be a good person without G-d, and many are. But they don’t have to be! Moreover, the “good” to which such people subscribe is often merely the echo of what was said at Sinai. The message resonates with them, yet they reject the Messenger. They believe that “thou shalt not murder,” “thou shalt not steal,” etc. are a priori wrong. But without an ultimate Moral Arbiter, why are these not just personal opinions, and not bedrock moral teachings incumbent all humans? What will happen when the Messenger is no longer heeded and the echo fades?

In the wake of Uvalde and the other countless acts of random violence and cruelty that we continue to experience in this country, the Sinai experience beckons us Jews to rededicate ourselves to be G-d’s “deputy Messengers.” Rather than work to remove from the public sphere the Voice that spoke at Sinai and reverberated throughout the world, we Jews are called, along with other G-d-fearing people, to amplify it and make it reverberate again however and whenever we can. If we do not, the world will ultimately become deaf. And… if we truly are called to be “a light to the nations,” then our failure will mean the world is also sinking into moral darkness.

At the end of the day, G-d says to us: “You are my witnesses…I’m depending on you.” As always.

It’s time for the chosen ones to choose.

וְקוֹרִין עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת ״שְׁמַע״, ״וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ״, ״וַיֹּאמֶר״, ״אֱמֶת וְיַצִּיב״, וַעֲבוֹדָה, וּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אַף בִּגְבוּלִין בִּקְּשׁוּ לִקְרוֹת כֵּן, אֶלָּא שֶׁכְּבָר בִּטְּלוּם מִפְּנֵי תַּרְעוֹמֶת הַמִּינִין. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי, רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: בִּגְבוּלִין בִּקְּשׁוּ לִקְרוֹת כֵּן, אֶלָּא שֶׁכְּבָר בִּטְּלוּם מִפְּנֵי תַּרְעוֹמֶת הַמִּינִין.
The Gemara related above that the priests in the Temple read the Ten Commandments, along with the sections of Shema, VeHaya im Shamoa, VaYomer, True and Firm, Avoda, and the priestly benediction. Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: Even in the outlying areas, outside the Temple, they sought to recite the Ten Commandments in this manner every day, as they are the basis of the Torah (Rambam), but they had already abolished recitation of the Ten Commandments due to the grievance of the heretics, who argued that the entire Torah, with the exception of the Ten Commandments, did not emanate from God (Jerusalem Talmud). If the Ten Commandments were recited daily, that would lend credence to their claim, so their recitation was expunged from the daily prayers. That was also taught in a baraita that Rabbi Natan says: In the outlying areas, they sought to recite the Ten Commandments in this manner, but they had already abolished their recitation due to the grievance of the heretics.
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